UC-NRLF 


D    2    SS^    671 


CRANIA 


1?'^ 


FROM  TliE 


Mounds  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida. 


UDY   MADE    IN    CONNECTION    WITH    CRANIA    FROM   OTHER    PARTS 
OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


By   HARRISON   ALLEN,  M.D. 


From  the  Jo  It  nial  of  the  Acaa'emv  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelf>hia,  New  Series,  Vol.  X.  No.  4. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIE^■CF!^, 

LOGAN  SO'!'^"*-" 

1 8yf  1 


CRANIA 


FROM  THE 


Mounds  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida.  ^t^ 


A    STUDY   MADE    IN    CONNECTION   WITH    CRANIA    FROM   OTHER    PARTS 

OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


■1 

By   HARRISON  ALLEN,  M.D. 


From  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  New  Series,  Vol.  X,  No.  4. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES, 

LOGAN  SQUARE. 

1896. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


h'ttp://vvww.archive.org/details/craniafrommoundsOOallerich 


/  i/s^- 


CRANIA  FROM  THE  MOUNDS  OF  THE  ST.  JOHN'S  RIVER,  FLORIDA : 

A   STUDY   MADE   IN   CONNECTION   WITH  CRANIA    FROM 

OTHER    PARTS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Bv  Harrison-  Allkx,  M.  D. 

IXTRODUCTIOX. 

Out  of  thirty-three  crania  collected  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  from  prehist<^)ric 
Indian  graves  in  Fk)rida  and  presented  by  him  to  the  Academy,  five  were  found  in 
sufficiently  good  condition  to  describe.'  The  numbers  of  these  skulls  in  the  cata- 
logue are  as  follows:  1,784,  ba.it>  of  mound  at  Ginn's  Grove;  1,781  and  1,782, 
Thursby  Mound;  1,783,  base  of  mound  near  Tar  Landing;  and  1,789,  mound  at 
Hitchen's  Ci-eek,  Volusia  County.  These  numbers  will  be  used  to  designate  the 
'  specimens  in  this  essay. 

The  specimens  were  almost  entirely  without  animal  matter,  if  one  could  so 
conclude  by  their  fragility,  peculiar  lightness  and  pot-like  resonance.  Mr.  Moore 
had  carefully  coated  the  skulls  with  shellac  varnish,  which,  while  serving  to  protect 
them,  concealed  the  texture  in  some  degree. 

I  propose  in  the  first  place  to  describe  these  skulls ;  in  the  second  place  to 
compare  them  with  others  from  remote  parts  of  Norfli  America ;  in  the  third  place 
to  draw  sucli  conclusions  as  the  subject  admits  and  to  explain  the  novel  terms 
which  have  been  used  in  the  descriptions. 

While  the  section  last  named  follows  those  which  deal  with  descriptions  it  is 
well,  by  way  of  introduction,  to  make  a  few  remarks  upon  the  subject  of  the 
technical  words  themselves.  No  one  can  deplore  more  than  myself  the  necessity 
of  introducing  new  terms  in  anatomy;  yet  I  could  not  with  justice  to  my 
own  convictions  continue  the  use  of  words  which  have  ceased  to  be  accurate,  or 
confine  myself  to  inaducpiate  phraseology  from  mere  dread  of  innovation.  An 
adequate  term  strengthens  the  sentence  in  which  it  is  employed ;  obscurities  of 
expression  are  thus  avoided  and  definitions  more  easily  framed. 

Notwithstanding  the  length  of  time  that  human  craniology  has  been  a  well 
defined  field  of  study,  the  methods  enii)loyed  have  not  appended  to  the  judgment  of 
all  students.     Respecting  the  taking  of  measurements  as  at  present  interpreted,  I 

'  For  information  regarding  tiie  graves  the  reader  is  referred  to  Mr.  Moore's  i)aj)er  ou  Certain 
Sand  Mounds  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  Jour.  Acad.  >'at.  .Sei.,  Phila.,  Vol.  X  (^1),  1894. 

46  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.,  PHILA.,  VOL.  X. 


308  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF     FLORIDA. 

hiivt'  round  that  suggestions  come  to  tlie  mind  in  studying  the  results  of  sums  total 
that  are  not  apt  to  arise  from  obser\ation  alone ;  and  while  one  must  acknowledge 
that  the  nundjer  ot*  these  suggestions  is  not  so  great  or  the  importance  of  the 
results  obtained  ahvavs  commensurate  with  the  labor  implied,  still  it  is  difticult  to 
suggest  a  method  which  can  readily  l)e  substituted  for  it.  The  value  of  taking 
measurements  can  be  seen  in  the  i'ollowing:  In  studying  the  "  Seminole"  skulls  it 
was  found  that  two  out  of  twehe  skulls,  namely  Nos.  450  and  720,  possessed  un- 
usually prominent  foreheads  and  the  impression  \\-as  received  that  measurement 
would  show  the  minimum  frontal  diameter  to  be  far  alcove  the  average.  This 
average  in  ten  skulls  is  94  mm.,  but  that  of  the  exceptional  skulls  is  98  mm.  and 
95  nnn.,  respectively,  a  diflference  in  reality  very  slight. — In  No.  450  the  trans- 
verse frontal  arc  is  310  mm.  In  No.  725  the  same  arc  is  300  mm.  This  com- 
pai'ison  is  of  interest  since  it  shows  the  difference  in  a  general  Avay  in  the  sizes  of 
the  frontal  bones  themselves.  It  is  seen  (Table  IV)  that  the  specimens  Nos.  450 
and  720  have  the  minimum  frontal  diameters  greater  than  any  of  the  facial  dia- 
meters, and  it  is  not  surprising  to  see  the  transverse  fnjntal  arcs  of  these  specimens 
measure  310  mm.  and  300  nnn.,  respectively,  while  the  average  arc  measurement  is 
292,  the  minimum  being  209  mm.  Meigs,  while  classifying  No.  450  as  a  sphaero- 
cephalic  skull  and  No.  725  as  an  archencephalic,  acknowledges  that  the  former 
is  a  transitional  form  from  the  latter. — That  the  length  of  the  pyramidal  process  of 
the  palatal  bone  can  be  measured  with  advantage  is  evident  from  the  epitome  here- 
with given.  In  all  the  skulls  from  the  westei'n  portion  of  North  America  including 
tht)se  from  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  the  process  measured  l)ut  4  nnn. ;  in  the 
Seminole  skulls,  5  mm. ;  in  the  Moore  series,  9  mm. ;  in  fifteen  Escjuinuiux  skulls 
the  same;  while  in  forty-one  Sandwich  Island  crania  it  measured  13  nnn.  Thus 
in  fifty  crania  of  North  American  Indians  it  measured  but  8  mm.,  and  each  of 
the  localities  was  distinct.  The  average  was  nearly  one-half  less  than  the  length 
of  the  process  in  the  Sandwich  Island  skulls. — Interesting  correlations  of  measure- 
ments are  sometimes  noted.  Thus  in  the  Seminole  skulls  we  liave  the  basi-nasal 
length  averaging  101  mm.,  the  mininuim  frontal  94  mm.,  the  bimalar  97  mm.,  and 
the  least  facial  diameter  99  mm.  The  mean  of  the  last  three  measurements  is 
but  slightly  less  than  the  basi-nasal  length.  The  value  of  such  a  conclusion  in 
studying  fragments  of  the  skull  nmst  be  conceded. 

But  in  nuiny  particulars  a  skull  when  exhaustively  measured  remains  unde- 
scribed,  and  the  measurements  themselves  are  arbitrary  numbers,  which,  no  matter 
how  valuable  they  may  be  in  the  study  of  race,  may  have  slight  value  in  increasing 
our  knowledge  of  the  skull  itself.  The  rates  of  change  which  take  place  in  the 
skull  of  the  adult  as  compared  to  that  of  the  child;  the  ecjuivalent  rates  which  go 
on  from  the  time  of  nuiturity  to  old  age ;  the  harmonies  which  are  established 
between  the  different  parts  of  the  skull  in  all  the  great  divisions  of  life,  are  unnoted 
by  the  mere  taking  of  measurements.  Even  the  variations  of  the  forms  of  skulls 
Avhen  due  to  exceptional  conditions  of  development  and  of  sex  are  neglected.  Thus 
we  are  told  that  the  skulls  of  the  immature  and  of  the  aged,  of  women,  those  with 


CRANIA     FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  309 

per.sistent  Iroiital  sutuiv.  or  e.\liil)itiii-i-  preinatuiv  union  of  the  hirjivr  suturi-s.  and 
specimens  showing  the  conseciuences  of  artilioial  comin-ession,  nuist  Ije  excluded 
from  the  series  on  which  ethnic  measurements  are  l)ased.*  The  result  is  that 
elaborate  memoirs  embracing  results  which  are  conclusive  so  far  as  mere  measure- 
ments are  concerned,  are  inconclusive,  for  the  thoughtful  anatomist,  of  many 
interesting  facts. 

The  ratio  of  variation  expressed  in  an  iijdex  may  be  exact,  so  lar  as  race 
peculiarities  are  concerned,  but  tell  us  nothing  of  the  value  of  the  s2)ecimenH  at  the 
extremes  of  measin-ement.  It  will  be  noted  (Appendix  III)  in  what  degree  these 
extremes  in  the  skulls  of  North  American  Indians  suggest  I'orms  absolutely  unlike 
those  which  make  up  the  bulk  of  the  proportions  of  the  external  nose.  The  most 
careful  analysis,  by  measm-eiuent  of  the  skull  of  Australians,  does  not  prepare  us  for 
the  small  and  apparently  weak  malar  bones. 

As  a  consequence  I  have  thought  it  important  to  descril)e  the  specimens  in  the 
Moore  series  as  well  as  to  measure  them  ;  and  to  include  tlierein  the  skulls  of  two 
females.  1  have  endea^■ored  to  frame  a  definition  of  each  skull  as  though  the  object 
in  view  were  to  identity  thereby  the  specimen  itself.  The  terms  employed  by 
J.  Aitken  Meigs  (see  Appendix  II)  in  outlining  the  general  shapes  of  .skulls  have 
been  preferred  to  others. 

In  taking  measurements  a  conformity  to  number  and  kind  as  established  by 
authors  has  not  l)een  attempted.  I  have  followed  in  the  main  those  in  use  by 
English  craniologists ;  but  in  some  instances  I  have  ventured  upon  a  number  of 
my  own,  the  reasons  of  attempting  which  are  given  at  their  appropriate  jilaces. 

1. — TiiK  MooKE  Sekies  of  Ckaxia. 

1,784'  s  (Pis.  XLIX.  L.  LI.  LI  I).  Aged  45  year^ — subglobular,  archencephalic, 
phoxoeephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  marked,  6  mm.  Forehead  low,  broad,  ample  ; 
outer  part  of  orbital  arch  scarcely  inclined  downward,  80°. — Nasal  bones  synostosed, 
acutely  arched,  slightly  concave  above  downward;  frontal  jjortion  o  mm.; 
maxillary  and  preniaxillarv  porticms  20  mm.;  radix  7  mm.;  salient  16  nnn. — 
Alveolar  line  marked. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic,  prenasal  fossa  laintly  defined 
(7  mm.  wide) ;  incisor  crest  and  spine  marked  ;  inferior  tui-binal  ledge  near  floor  of 
the  nose;  alveolus  high  (21  mm.);  teeth  vertical. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic  nearly 
U-shaped,  deep ;  high  alveolus  (22  mm.),  no  anterior  declivity ;  pre-torus  present. 
— Pterygo-spinous  unit)n  on  , both  sides;  spinous  process  enormous,  Init  not  over- 
lapping petrospiienoidal  fissure. — No  interruption  of  temporal  ridge  at  stephahion  ; 
temporal  ridge  at  hnnlidoidal  suture  heavily  moulded,  harmonic  near  asterion  ;  deep 
groove  on  temporal  bone  between  post-squamosal  and  ectt)-petrosaI  portions.-     Slight 

'  Burial  iri-ound  Ginn's  Grove,  21  feet  down,  partially  iii'beddod  in  shell  base. 
''  This  groove  is  of  great  interest  since  it  indicates  the  line  of  union  between  tiie  wjuaniosal  and 
petrosal  elements. 


370  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF     FLORIDA. 

break  only  between  pre-sqnaniosal  and  ])ost-squanu)sal  jwrtions. — Scarcely  any 
flange  at  end  of  temporal  ridge. — Occi])ut  not  ])rotnl)erant.  inion  marked;  no  hreak 
in  occipito-parietal  flu've,  z.  e..  curve  of  obeliou  continiuju-s  with  that  of  .snpra-inion. 
The  skull  rests  on  the  posterior  border  of  the  foramen  magnum,  i.  e.^  the  concep- 
tacula  cerebelli  are  small. — Malar  bone  with  conspicu(jus  marginal  process  and 
suture-trace. — Sconce  smooth,  scarcely  pitted,  122  mm.  wide:  highest  point  back  of 
bregnni;  obelion  with  foramina. 

Lower  Jaw.  The  ccjndyloid  process  inflated,  scarcely  angulated,  the  lateral 
facet  two-thirds  inclined  downward,  the  median  facet  one-third.  Third  molar  in 
advance  of  coronoid  ;  high  alveolus,  no  trace  of  bicuspid  hyperostosis.  Masseteric 
impression  concave,  the  angle  scarcely  inclined  outward.  w\  right  side ;  mental 
foramen  between  second  premolar  and  first  molar,  on  left  side  on  line  of  second 
premolar;  genio-glossus  spine  single,  prominent,  crest  small  but  defined.  Teeth 
much  worn.     Upper  third  molar  in  position. 

No.  1,784  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  No.  1,782.  • 

1,782'  i  (Pis.  LIII,  LIV,  LV,  LVI.  LVII).  Aged  -31 1,— sutures  closed,  excepting 
about  squamosa;  globular,  archencephalic  inclined  to  phoxocephalic.  Greatest 
transverse  diameter  bi-squamosal. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  marked,  6  mm.;  upper  half  of  frontal  Ijone 
showing  median  elevation  ;  forehead  Ijroad,  ample ;  sutures  closed  in  outer  wall  of 
orbit.;  outer  part  orbital  arch  scarcely  inclined  downward,  25°. — Nasal  bones 
synostosed,  abrujjtly  arched,  projecting,  concave  from  above  downward ;  frontal 
part  «/■/;  nnixillary  part  2o  mm.;  premaxillarv  part  2  mm.;  radix  (5  mm.,  80°  ; 
salient  10  nnu.,  20°.  Nasal  vestibule  microlophic  with  incisor  eminence  small, 
oblique  ridge  to  spine  present ;  alveolar  line  produced  slightly  beyond  the  ridge  but 
inconspicuous ;  spine  single  and  incisor  crest  marked  ;  prenasal  fossa?  rudimental. 
— Alveolus  high  ;  inter-premaxillary  suture  not  produced.  Small  pretorus. — Hard 
palate  U-shaped,  almost  parabolic,  no  anterior  inclination,  alveolar  height  13  mm. — 
Spinous  process  overlapping  petro-sphenoidal  fissure  ;  petrosa  inflated  ;  ala?  of  vomer 
below  plane  of  presphenoid  ;  foramen  lacerum  medium  open.  Temporal  ridge  every- 
where distinct,  interrupted  at  stephanion  26  mm. ;  no  trace  of  coronal,  fronto-sphe- 
noidal  or  parieto-sphenoidal  sutures;  parieto-temporal  crest  heavily  moulded, 
projecting  posteriorly  making  parieto-occipital  suture  harmonic  near  asterion ;  no 
break  between  post-sqnamosa  and  ecto-petrosa.  Occiput  abruptly  narrowed  from 
the  side;  supra-occipital  thickened,  but  no  break  in  the  occipito-parietal  curve; 
skull  rests  on  posterior  border  of  foramen  magnum. — Sconce  rugose,  much  pitted, 
100  mm.  wide;  sagitta  carinate  at  bregma. 

Lower  Jaw  massive;  third  molar  in  advance  of  base  of  coronoid  process; 
masseteric  impression  scarcely  concave,  angle  but  slightly  inclined  outward ;  pre- 
gonial  tubercle  large;  condyloid  process  thick,  everywhere  inflated,  no  division 
into  facets,  tlie  inner  part  inclined  downward;    on  the  left  side  mental    foramen 

'  From  base  of  Thur.sl)y's  Jlound. 


c 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  871 

* 
between  premularj^,  on  right  side  between  second  premolar  and   iirst  molar;  jienio- 
glo.ssal  spine  double;    geniu-liyoid  ci'est  scarcely  seen. — Teeth   much  worn,  cus])i- 
dation  lost;    upper  incisors    vertical;    third  molar  al)sent ;     flie    lir.st    molar    with 
lateral  roots  projecting  from  the  sockets. 

1.78P  S  (Pis.  LVlll.  LiX,  LX.  LXl,  LXII).  Aged  35  years.— sutures  open  ; 
subgloljular.  plat ycephal ic. 

Glabella  and  su[)ra-()rl)ital  ridge  small.  '2  mm.;  outer  part  ot"  orbital  arches 
scarcely  inclined  downward.  25  mm. ;  forehead  ample  yet  frontal  eminences  apj)roxi- 
mate ;  interfrontal  suture  persistent ;  symmetrical  vascular  grooves  near  temporal 
ridge. — Nasal  bones  low  arched,  synostosed ;  markedly  concave  from  above  down- 
ward;  riidix  30°  ;  salient  20°  ;  ascending  process  maxilla  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
inner  wall  of  orbit.  Nasal  vestibule  microlophic  with  incisor,  eminence  small, 
alveolar  line  indistinct;  crest  high;  inter-premaxillarv  suture  of  alveolus  carinate; 
alveokis  high;  inferior  tiu'binal  crest  near  floor. — Hard  palate  U-shaped,  hyberbolic, 
no  declivity  in  front,  high  alveolus. — Vomer  depressed  below  plane  of  basisphenoid  ; 
choana?  with  base  wider  than  apex ;  spinous  process  overlapping  petro-sphenoidal 
fissiu'e ;  petrosa  inflated  ;  middle  meatus  concave  at  ])alatal  bone;  pterygoid  pro- 
cess narrow.-^Malar  bone  witji  scarcely  any  marginal  process  on  right  side,  Ijut 
quite  large  on  left ;  suture-trace  present ;  tubei-osity  marked ;  the  bone  enters  into 
the  fonnation  of  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure. — Temporal  crest  faint,  interrupted  at 
stephanion  22  mm. ;  at  occipito-i)arietal  union  temporal  crest  is  heavily  moulded ; 
suture  near  asterion  almost  harmonic  ;  abrupt  break  between  post-squamosa  and  ecto- 
petrosal  right,  but  noiu'  on  left ;  at  upper  parieto-temporal  union,  the  linea  semi-circu- 
laris.  is  not  visiljle  on  the  right,  but  the  upper  part  defined  m\  the  left,  and  occupied 
on  both  sides  by  vessel-grooves. — Lachrymal  bone  small ;  bulke  ethmoidales  large. — 
Arcs  of  longitiidinal  curve  as  follows  :  inio-opisthonic  ;  inio-intertul)eral ;  intertubero- 
nasion.  The  supra-occipital  jjrojects  slightly  beyond  hunbda. — Sconce  rugose  in 
inio-intertuberal  part,  114  mm.  wide. — Occiput  broad  rounded. 

Lower  Jaw.  Line  of  coronoid  intersects  condyloid  at  outer  third  ;  the  external 
facet  of  condyloid  process  one-third  of  the  articular  surface, — the  downward  inclined 
internal  facet  two-thirds  not  angulated ;  the  left  external  pterygoid  impression  the 
least  defined.  Third  molar  well  in  advance  of  base  of  coronoid  process;  the 
masseteric  and  internal  i)terygoid  impressions  about  equal,  the  angle  not  deflected ; 
mental  foramen  symmetrical  between  the  second  premolar  and  first  molar ;  molar 
ridge  scarcely  reaching  first  molar;  tubercle  in  advance  of  pregonial  fossa;  genio- 
glossus  spine  single ;  genio-hyoid  crest  nil. 

1,783-  $  (Pis.  LXIII,  LXIV,  LXV,  LXVI).  Aged  25  years,— globular, 
fragmentary;  sutures  o[)en. 

Glal)ella  none;  supra-orbital  ridge  none.— Hard  palate  U-shaped;  high  alveolar 

'  Thur.sbv'.s  Mound,  Vulusia  Co.,  original  burial  on  liaso. 
"-  Mound  near  Tar  Landing. 


372  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 

proces8  !•")  luiii. ;  no  dee'livity. — Aliv  of  vomer  depre,s8ed  helow  k-wl  of  basi- 
hipheiioiil  ;  spinous  process  not  overlapping'  petro-splienoidal  fissure  ;  foramen  laeei'um 
mediuHi  open,  both*  media nly  and  laterally;  petrosa  inflated;  ehoamv  small, 
paxlomorphic.  The  tympanic  l)one  opposite  spinous  ])rocess,  on  the  right  is  large 
(6  mm.),  but  on  the  left  side  is  almost  ////.  The  tegmen  t^-mpani  on  the  right  large ; 
left  almost  «z7.  The  oval  foramen  on  the  right  is  large;  on  the  left  small  and 
nearly  round.  The  jugnlar  foramen  on  the  right  is  small,  on  the  left  large.  The 
left  ecto-petrosal  portion  of  the  temporal  l)one  is  intact;  on  left  side  a  venou.s 
foramen  is  seen  in  exoccipital  at  the  lambdoidal  suture;  the  right  ecto-petrosal 
portion  with  large  mastoid  foramen  ;  upper  part  right  and  left  ecto-petrosal  ser- 
piginous.— Temporal  impression  feeble,  no  posterior  moulding;  surface  of  temporal 
fossa  between  tuber  and  ecto-petrosal  tiat,  high,  inclined  ;  skull  resting  on  occiput. 
Artgle  and  parts  of  sagitta  to  intertuberal  vertical.  Occiput  pa^domorphic.  Mus- 
cular impressions  faint,  yet  the  supnvinial  convexity  marked.  Upper  half  of 
occipital  squamosa  and  the  interval  between  parietal  tubera  vertical.  . 

Lower  Jaw.  Condyloid  process  with  facets, — the  median  aljruptly  declined ; 
third  molar  in  part  concealed  by  the  base  of  the  coronoid  process;  angle  inclined 
inward;  mental  foramen  right  and  left  l^etween  the  premolars;  coronoid  line  inter- 
secting outer  border  of  the  condyloid  process;  molar  ridge  to  anterioi-  border  of 
first  molar;  mentum  scarcely  projecting;  genial  spine  and  crest  almost  tiil. 

The  latitudinal  index  less  than  altitudinal.  This  confirms  Weisbach's  opinion^ 
that  the  female  skull,  in  proportion  to  its  length,  is  much  narrower  than  the  male. 

1,789^  9  (Pis.  LXVII,  LXVIII,  LXIX,  LXX).  Aged  45  years,— fragmen- 
tary ;  sutures  open  ;  glolndar  tending  to  subangular. 

Glabella  and  supra  orbital  ridges  small ;  outer  part  orbital  arch  nuich  inclined, 
50  mm.  Metopic  carination  ;  vascular  groove  on  right  side  frontal  bone.  Ala3 
of  vomer  depressed  from  jilane  of  presphenoid. — Spinous  process  overlapping 
petro-sphenoidal  fissure ;  petrosa  inflated ;  foramen  lacerum  medium  very  small  on 
right,  closed  on  left. — Tem]X)ral  ridge  faint ;  aljrupt  change  in  level  of  post-scpia- 
mosal  and  ectopetrosal  parts ;  bregma  elevated.  Malar  bone  enters  spheno-maxillary 
fissure ;  marginal  process  small.  Skull  rests  on  posterior  border  foramen  magnum. 
Conceptacula  well  developed.  Occiput  broad,  rotund ;  inion  marked ;  no  break 
in  occipito-parietal  curve ;  five  large  occipito-parietal  Wormian  Ixmes ;  depression 
at  obelion  marked.     General  outline  rhondioid  with  narrow  anterior  segment.^ 

Lower  Jaw.  Fragmentary  without  teeth  in  molar  range ;  genioglossal  spine 
double ;  genio-hyoid  crest  double ;  all  parts  well  defined.  Inner  side  of  ramus 
beneath  molar  ridge  occupied  by  an  oblong  convex  eminence ;  angle  absorbed,  body 
much  inclined  ;  condyloid  articular  surface  not  faceted,  inner  part  inclined  upward. 

1  Archiv.  f.  Anthrop.,  1808,  III. 

2  Burial  mound  Hitclien's  Creek,  Volusia  Co.,  original  burial  from  base. 

■'  Skull  well  filled,  no  interruption  in  curves  from  highest  point  of  sagitta  to  lowest  points  of 
eonceptaeula. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


373 


All  the  craniii  gavo  the  impression  of  beloniiing  to  a  vigorous  nice.  The 
alveolar  height  was  oonspieuous  and  in  the  three  males,  at  least,  the  nasal  hones 
were  synostosecl.  The  contrasts  between  the  male  and  female  were  great  and  al)Out 
what  is  mentioned  by  travellers  (see  next  section).  In  these  respects  the  Moore 
skulls  differ  widely  from  those  marked  Seminole. 

Resume. — Dolichocephalic,  female,  one.  Brachycephalic,  male,  three;  female, 
one. — Orthognathous,  female,  one.  Mesognathous,  male,  tw^o. — Leptorhine,  male, 
three. — Mesoseme,  male,  one.  Megaseme,  male,  two ;  female, — one. — Microcephalic, 
female,  two.     Megacephalic,  male,  two. 


Mea.sl'kemexts, 

Table 

No 

.    1 

Transverse 
Diameters  of 

f. 

Transverse 
Arcs. 

Longitudinal 
Ares. 

i  i 

% 

i 

1 

a 

Cranium. 

i 

£  s 

e 
1 

a 

.a 

1 

1 

1 

T 
C 

f 

1 

3 

_2 

C 

1 

1 
S 

i 

1 

'H. 
1 

Maximum  trans- 
.   verse  diameter. 

Index  of  Brcadtli. 

a 

0 

£ 
■= 
< 

a. 

i 

5 

s 

1 

.S: 

1 

1 

X 

c 
2 

1 
1 

■5. 

H 

1 

i 

1 

s 
(2 

0 

1 

u 

1 

1 

a 

u 

> 

< 

1 

i 

o 
.2 

1 

1,784,? 

0  181181      0 

105 

123 

0 

1.55 

86 

0 

129 

540 

332 

345 

340 

130120 

130    0 

0'    0 

0     0   0 

1,782  c? 

1475  177  179,145 

105 

101 

134  146 

82 

82 

140 

510 

310 

319 

328128,118 

120  33  30  106  98'107|10192 

1,781  $ 

1495  177  179  137 

98 

101:129  147 

83 

77 

1.32 

510 

300:!orj:!25,125  120 

110  36  30  10l|90 

104103  86 

1,783? 

1270  1531.33438 

0 

99  101  lOOp  G5 

90 

127 

470 

28o29o:'!l5 

120  135 

105]  0    0    9081 

8S!  98  92 

1,789  ? 

1010161jl61 

130 

92 

106 

119  140s 

87 

81 

128 

480 

0 

309 

322 

118110 

1 

120  3229   94   0 

1     i            1 

0     U   0 

Aver. 

1312|170171 

137 

100 

106 

121  138 

81 

82    131 

502 

307 

314 

326 

1 
124121 

II7J34  3oj  98  90J1OO  IOIJ9O 

;j  Bi-parietal. 


s  Bi-squamosal. 


Measurements,  Table  No.  2. 


Diameters 
of  Face. 

Of  Orbit. 

Of  External 
Nose. 

Malar  Lines. 

Width     1    Height 
Lower  Jaw  Lower  Jaw 

1 

t 

Of 
Bamus. 

s 

•s 

■   c 

s 

1 

tr 

1 

= 
0 

s 

1 

1 

s. 

.1 

•3 

0 

2 

s 

''5 

t— 1 

3 
1 

1 

1 

a 

t 

a 

S 
1 

> 

Cm 

'S 
K 

■a 

IS 

■5 

1—1 

Nasi-Malar  Line, 
steel  tajie. 

►5  i£ 

i 
s 

i 

•i 
1 

1 

i 
■3 

33 

13 
■3 

68 

1 

(.^ 

.a 
c 

s 

*s 

0 
0 

105 

•a 
.■5. 

*s 

X 
72 

1 

.a 

i 

a 

1,784^ 

1,782^ 
1,781  S 

100 

26 

52 

0 

22 

40 

36 

90 

52 

24 

46 

115 

105 

90 

99 

36 

37 

150 

105 

27 

52 

54 

21 

39 

35 

90 

50 

22 

44 

118 

102 

84 

96 

34 

33 

73 

101 

71 

38 

150 

10ft 

28 

50 

57 

23 

38 

33 

87 

50 

22 

44 

110 

102 

85 

93 

35 

31 

69 

101 

68 

34 

1,783  9 

0 

0 

20 

48 

0 

16 

35 

35 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

64 

71 

29 

25 

57 

82 

64 

33 

1,789  9 

0 
100 

0 

0 

42 

48 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
69 

0 

Aver. 

103 

.5 

49 

53 

22 

38 

35 

92 

50 

23 

44 

114 

103 

81 

90 

33 

30 

67 

97 

35 

• 

374 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 
Measuremexts.  Taiu-e  No.  3. 


u 

i 

^ 

C. 

g 

*« 

3 

» 

CI4 

,3 

'iJ 

3. 

C 

:s 

M* 

J 

!-> 

1 

s 
s 

1 
1 

6 

s 

1 

0 

c 

J 

.1 

X 

0 

,2 
1 

0 

s 

.a 

c 

■5 
1 

(5 

1 

)2 

Ml 

"3 

1 

5 

c 

1 

1 

S 

2 

S 

5 

6 

■a 
1 

1 
0 

1 

J 

1,784^ 

0 

83 

90 

49 

109 

32 

35 

54 

0 

0 

0 

15 

0 

1,782^ 

45 

59 

51 

130 

77 

91 

47 

119 

30 

38 

57 

29 

0 

13 

16 

0 

7 

1,781^ 

77 

55 

50 

136 

79 

84 

51 

110 

34 

43 

61 

25 

15 

10 

9 

15 

10 

1,783? 

55 

55 

40 

118 

0 

83 

42 

100 

31 

37 

49 

25 

12 

14 

15 

15 

10 

1,789$ 

25 
51 

50 
55 

50 

48 

105 

71 

75 

44 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
13 

0 
12 

0 
13 

0 
0 

0 

Aver. 

122 

77 

85 

47 

108 

32 

38 

55 

26 

9 

II.  A  Comparison  of  the  Skulls  fro.m  the  Florida  Graves  with  {a)  those 
Marked  Semixole  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences; 
{b),  those  from  North  America  (mainland)  "West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains; 

AND    {c)    THOSE    FOUND   ON    THE    SaXTA    BaRBARA    IsLANDS. 

[a)  Seminole  Skulls. — It  is  desirable  to  compare  the  skulls  obtained  by  Mr. 
Moore  with  those  of  the  Indians  inhabiting  Florida  during  the  historic  period. 

The  Indians  named  Seminole  were  proljably  not  of  a  pure  stock,  if  we  can 
rely  upon  the  statements  of  Chas.  C.  Jones  Jr.'  This  writer  states  that  "  of  the 
Indian  nations  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  occupying  and  living  adjacent  to  this 
territory  about  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  tlie  dominant  people  were 
the  Uchees,  Lower,  Middle  and  Upper  Creeks., — constituting  the  formidable  Muscogee 
Confederacy, — the  Yamasees,  the  Cherokees,  the  Chickasaws,  the  Ch,octaws,  the 
Natthez  and  the  Seminoles.  East  of  the  Savannah  River  resided  the  Catawbas, 
the  Savannahs  and  the  Westoes'"  (p.  1).  '"The  Yamasees  and  their  Confederates 
were  in  1715  routed  by  Governor  Craven  and  driven  across  the  Savannah  River  into 
the  arms  of  the  Spaniards  of  Florida. — The  Uchees  also  contented  themselves  after 
this  signal  discomforture  with  a  residence  in  Florida  (p.  3). 

"  Of  the  Creek  Confederac}'  by  far  the  most  numerous  and  powerful  nation  was 
the  Muscogee.  The  Hitchittees,  who  resided  on  the  Chattahoochee  and  Flint 
Rivers,  although  a  distinct  tribe,  spoke  a  dialect  of  the  Muscogee.  The  Seminoles, 
or  Isty-semole  (wild  men)  inhabiting  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  were  pure  Muscogees, 

'  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  particularly  of  the  (ieorgia  Tribes.      New  York,   D. 
Appleton  &  Co.,  1873. 


CRANLV    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  375 

and  received  that  name  because  they  suhsisted  principally  by  Inuitiufr  and  devoted 
but  little  attention  to  agriculture"  (p.  4). 

Bartrani,  in  his  travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  etc.,  Lon- 
don, 1792.  .states  that  the  Muscogulgee  women,  "  though  remarkably  short  of  stature, 
are  well  formed ;  they  are  .seldom  above  five  feet  high,  yet  the  men  are  of  gigantic 
stature,  many  of  them  above  six  feet."  This  description  will,  1  believe,  comprehend 
the  Muscogulges,  except  some  bands  of  the  Seminoles,  LTches  and  Savannucas 
(p.  481). 

It  will  l)e  thus  seen  that  at  least  some  of  the  Indians  of  Florida,  after  the 
settlement  of  the  Atlantic  coast  Ijy  Europeans,  embraced  the  Seminoles  and  rem- 
nants of  tribes  of  (reorgia  which  had  been  driven  into  the  penhisula  by  conquest  of 
their  lands  above  the  Savannah  River  by  the  whites,  and  also  that  the  Seminoles 
were  of  the  same  stock  with  the  Indians  who  occupied  elsewhere  the  land  between 
the  Mississippi  River  and  the  sea-coast. 

It  is  probable,. therefore,  that  the  skulls  of  the  Moore  series  were  of  the  same 
stock  called  by  Jones  ''  Muscogee,"  a  probability  which  is  strengthened  by  the  state- 
ment of  Bartram  regarding  the  large  stature  of  the  males  and  the  small  stature  of 
the  females  of  the  Muscogee  people.  The  most  casual  observer  of  the  Moore  series 
will  be  struck  with  the  disparity  in  the  size  of  the  male  and  female  skulls. 

Of  the  skulls  in  the  Morton  collection  marked  "  Seminole "  little  is  known 
beyond  the  fact  tliat  they  were  for  the  most  part  collected  in  Florida  during  or  about 
the  time  of  the  Seminole  war.  Some  of  them  may  l)e  from  distinct  tribes  which 
had  been  driven  South,  but  it  is  improbable  that  they  l)elong  to  other  than  members 
of  the  Muscogee  group.  That  the  Moore  series  differ  notably  from  the  skulls 
marked  Seminole  is  of  considerable  interest.  But  the  entire  number  of  sjjecimens 
examined  is  too  small  to  make  any  Ijroad  deduction. 

In  Plate  IV,  fig.  1,  of  Jones'  Antiquities^  etc.,  a  skull  of  a  Creek  Indian 
exhibits  characters  which  closely  resemble  No.  1,784  and  No.  1,782  of  the  M(X)re 
series.  The  prominent  glabella  and  supraorbital  ridges,  the  coalescent  nasal  bones, 
and  the  high  incisor  crest  are  here  present.     The  skull  is  sul>globular. 

Twelve  "'Seminole"  skulls  are  available  for  study. 

733^  9^  aged  40, — cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  moderate  ;  no  supra-orbital  ridge  ;  forehead  pa^domorphic  ;  outer  part  of 
orbital  arch  inclined  40°.  Nasal  bones  arched,  narrow  ;  ascending  process  of  maxilla 
compressed;  the  frontal  portion  nil;  maxillary  portion  22  mm.;  premaxillary 
2  mm. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic,  but  with  a  ridge  extending  from  spine  to  ascend- 
ing limb  of  the  premaxilla;  alveolus  19  mm.  high. — Hard  palate  hyperlxJic ; 
choana^  and  pterygoid  processes  pjedomorphic.  Foramen  lacerum  medium  almost 
obliterated  ;  spinous  process  not  overlapping  petroso-sphenoidal  fissure. — Temporal 
crest  not  interrupted  at  stephanion ;  lambdoidal  suture  serrate  near  asterion.  Malar 
bone  with  small  marginal  process ;  suture-trace  present, — interval  between  zygomatic 

'  The  sutures  are  unusually  open,  but  the  jaws  show  signs  of  middle  life. 

47  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.,  PHILA.,.VOL.  X. 


370  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 

pnx'L'ss  ami  maxilla  1(1  nun.  loii.u  ;  bono  in  s[)lieii()-iiiaxillai'y  fissure. — Sconce  112 
mm.  wide. 

Lower  Jazc.  Prejioiiium'  lai;ae;  coiulyloicl  facets  e<jual.  internal  half  inclined. 
]\Iental  foramen  between  .second  i)i'emolar  and  first  molar  on  the  rij:lit  side,  and  on 
line  of  st'cond  |)remolar  on  the  left  side;  the  ^uenial  spine  and  i^enial  crest  equal,  but 
almost  nil. 

Skull  ivsts  on  basion  and  oiiistliion.  a  curve  of  low  convexity  from  opisthioii  to 
inioii  ;  a  .second  from  inion  to  intertubera.  without  depression  at  the  hunbda  or 
ol)elion.  The  ty})e  so  far  as  the  ])arietal  bone  is  concerned,  therefore,  is  as  in  the 
••  cut-oil""  variety,  but  no  intt'rrujjtion  exists  at  the  lambda  because  of  the  constricted 
]))'oj)ortions  of  the  occipital  bone. 

(11)S<?.  aged  4(1. — ])lioxocephalic. 

Glabella  rudimentary  4  nnn.;  supra-orbital  margin  40^. — Nasal  bones  arched; 
fnmtal  i)ortion  o  nun.:  maxillary  poi'tion  20  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  o  mm.;  radix 
7  mm..  00°;  salient  24  nnn.,  80°;  ascending  process  maxilla  compressed. — Nasal 
vestibule  niicrolophic  ;  incisor  eminence  high,  with  ridges  reaching  to  the  simple 
spine;  alveolar  line  defining  conspicuous  fossa,  4  mm.  wide;  hamular  process  (right 
and  left)  rudimentarw  not  (Concealing  bulla;  on  right  side  almost  nil ;  on  left  side 
larger,  l)ut  laminar. — Hard  palate  parabolic;  alveolar  process  15  mm.  high;  choauiv 
j)a'domorphic. — The  left  petrosa  inflated;  spinous  process  enormous  and  overlap- 
ping fissure  on  right,  pa'domorphic  on  left;  fvmpanic  process  small;  tegmen 
])rojecting  as  an  inde[)en(leut  spine  overlapping  fissure  on  left. — Temjioral  ridge 
interrupted  at  stephaniou  15  mm.,  the  land)doidal  suture  harmonic  near  the  asterion  ; 
crest  of  inferior  turl)imd  extended  almost  to  the  internal  pterygoid  plate  ;  foramen 
lacci'um  medium  o])en  medianly,  closed  laterally-. — Left  laclirymal  bone  with  Ijroad 
hanudo-maxillary  union;  bulla  ethmoidalis  rudimental. — Malar  bone  with  large 
marginal  process;  not  in  spheno-maxillary  fissure;  suture-trace  present;  ecto-petrosal 
porticm  of  tempoi'al  bone  suudl  right  and  let"t. — Occiput  moderately  pa-domoi'ijliic. — 
Sconce  loO  mm.  wide. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion  ;  first  cm-ve  from  opisthion  to  inion, 
second  from  inion  to  lamiKla.  third  from  lambda  to  intertuljera. 

Loiver  Jaw.  Body  short,  third  molar  partly  concealed  by  coronoid  jn'ocess  ; 
teeth  nnich  worn  :  mental  foramen  on  line  of  second  premolar  on  the  right  and 
between  this  tocjth  and  the  first  molar  on  the  left.  Genio-giossal  spine  double  ;  genio- 
hyoid crest  marked  ;  condyloid  lateral  facet  two-thirds,  median  facet  one-third  ;  the 
left  with  nuich  the  smaller  extermil  pterygoid  impression:  angle  of  jaw  inflected. — 
Upper  molars  4-4-?  ;   lower  molars  \°\°'l 

l.lOo   <?.  aged  40. — phoxocephalic. 

Glabella  not  prominent. — Nasal  l)ones  arched;  frontal  portion  4  mm.;  maxillarv 
])ortion  22  nun.:  premaxillary  portion  2  nnn.;  radix  7  nnn.  long.  80°  ;   salient  18  nmi.; 

'  Tilt'  "  prcaonuiin  ''  i#  a  term  proixi^ed  Iw  the  autlidr  to  denote  the  reces.-:  on  hjwer  margin  of  the 
boily  in  advance  of  tiie  an,irle.     (Toner  Lecture,  Smith.sonian  Li.<titution,  ]8'S9j. 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  3 


1 1 


40°  ;  ascending  process  of  maxilla  compressed. — Nasal  vestilnile  maorolophic ;  ri-rht 
incisor  eminence  small, — with  ridge  reaching  simple,  large  spine ;  incisor  eminence 
«z7  on  left  with  ridge.  Alveolar  line  marked  on  both  sides  defining  small  prenasal 
fossa,  3  mm. ;  incisor  crest  high,  complete. — Alveolus  short  (15  mm.)  with  con- 
spicuously carinate  suture. — Hard  palate  parabolic;  high  alveolar  i)roces8  16  mm.; 
choanal  panhjuiorphic. — Spinous  process  on  right  side  mutilated  and  extends 
betw^een  squamosa  and  the  tympanica ;  on  left  it  is  enormous  and  articulates  with 
the  tegmen. — Petrosa  inflated. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open. — Temporal  ridge 
interrupted  at  stephanion  17  mm. ;  lambdoidal  suture  serrate  almost  to  asterion  on  the 
right,  l>ut  nearly  harmonic  on  the  left. — Malar  bone  with  enormous  marginal  process  ; 
suture-trace  present. — Sconce  110  mm.  wide. — Lachrynud  bone  ample,  haniular 
process  uniting  with  maxilla.  Upper  molars  4-3-(l. — Ethmoid  disease  on  left  side; 
ascending  plate  of  the  palatal  bone  convex  toward  the  nasal  chambers  in  the  middle 
meatus. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion  ;  a  continuous  curve  from  opisthion  to  lambda ; 
skull  much  depressed  from  lambda  to  intertubera. 

1,286  ^,  aged  30, — archencephalic. 

Glaljella  and  supra-(jrljital  arches  scarcely  discernible  ;  outer  part  of  orbital  arches 
much  inclined,  50. ° — Nasal  bones  arched  ;  frontal  portion  3  mm. ;  maxillary  portion 
22  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  2  mm.;  radix  13  mm.,  90°;  salient  15  mm.,  50°. — 
Nasal  vestibule  analoi)hic  ;  incisor  eminence  none ;  alveolar  line  trenchant.  Incisor . 
crest  rudimental ;  confined  to  posterior  part ;  nasal  spine  produced,  simple.^Hard 
palate  hyperboHc,  shallow ;  alveolar  process  height  13  mm.  Choana?  wider  at 
base  than  at  apex  15  mm.  diameter. — Spinous  process  and  tympanic  process  small, 
subequal,  no  overlapping ;  foramen  lacerum  medium  open. — The  temporal  ridges 
faintly  marked  and  not  interrupted,  while  the  lambdoidal  suture  near  the  asterion 
is  f\iintly  serrate. — Marginal  process  of  malar  bone  is  rudimental ;  suture-trace  9  mm. 
long. — Posterior-infei'ior  angle  of  parietal  rests  in  part  on  the  occipital  bone. — Skull 
rests  on  opisthion. — The  condyloid  facets  are  marked,  the  median  abruptly  declining. 
— Occiput  with  inion  prominent. — The  cui-A^e  of  the  occipital  squamosa  (suprarinial 
jiortion)  not  continuous  with  the  intertubero-lambdal,  but  a  distinct  depression  is 
noted  at  the  obelion,  thus  constituting  the  "cut-off"  skull  of  Cleland. — The 
squamosa  is  convex  on  right ;  flat  on  left. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  back  of  base  of  coronoid ;  condyloid  process  small, 
compressed. — The  mental  foramen  on  line  of  second  premolar  on  right  side,  but 
between  the  premolars  on  the  left ;  the  genial  spine  and  crest  rudimentary.  A 
modern  looking,  though  *•  ill-filled  "  skull. 

732  S ,  aged  40, — phoxocephalic. 

Glabella  and  sujira^jrhital  ridge  rudimental,  3  mm. ;  outer  part  orbital  arch 
scarcely  inclined,  30.° — Nasal  bones  arched,  not  depressed  ;  frontal  portion  2  mm. ; 
maxillary  portion  25  mm. ;  premaxillary  portion  3  mm. ;  radix  5  mm.,  60° ;  salient 


378  CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 

7  nun.,  4(1°. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic  with  iiici«)r  eminence  raised  nearly  to  the 
top  of  the  small  incisor  crest.  The  sjjine  is  connected  with  the  incisor  eminence  by 
trenchant  ridges,  alveolar  line  rudinientai'v. — Alve(jlus  IS  mm. — Hard  palate  hyper- 
bolic, alveolar  process  15  mm. ;  choaniv,  base  wider  tlum  a})ex. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  open ;  spinous  process  enormous,  overlapping  sphencjido-tyiiipanic  suture ; 
petrosa  inflated. — The  temporal  ridge  interrupted  at  the  stephanion  10  mm. ;  laml> 
doidal  suture  near  asterion  harmonic. — Malar  bone  with  marginal  process ;  sutui'e- 
trace  present. — Sconce  86  mm.  wide. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  in  advance  of  base  of  coronoid  process.  Lateral 
focet  of  condyloid  process  mucli  Avorn,  median  scarcely  inclined  ;  mental  foramen 
on  line  of  second  premolar  right  and  left.  Genial  spine  and  genial  crest  slightly 
developed.  The  skull  rests  on  basion  and  opistliion ;  the  cur\-e  from  opisthifm  to 
transverse  occijiital  torus  unbroken  ;  a  second  curve  from  the  torus  to  tlie  inter- 
tubera  is  entire,  though  the  obelioh  is  slightly  depressed. — Upper  molars  4-4-3  ; 
lower  molars  2°  ?  ? 

1,840  ^,  aged  40, — phoxocephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  faint  not  measurable ;  supra-orbital  margin 
40°.  Nasal  vestibule  macrolophic,  alveolar  line  subtrenchant ;  crest  ending  on 
simple  produced  spine. — Alveolus  short,  15  mm. — Hard  palate  parabolic  deep, 
alveolar  height  13  mm. — Spinous  process  large;  but  scarcely  overlapping  fissure; 
tegmen  enormous. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open. — Malar  l)one  \\'\\\\  large  mar- 
ginal process ;  suture-trace  present. — Temporal  crest  not  interrupted  at  stephanion, 
while  the  lambdoidal  suture  is  harmonic  near  asterion. — Upper  molar  4-4-0. — 
Skull  rests  on  the  conceptacula.  The  curves  of  the  Ijrain-case  disjunct,  the 
opisthio-inion,  the  supra-inion  and  the  lamljdo-intertuberal  being  separate.  The 
lambda  and  obelion  are  depressed,  thus  constituting  the  "cut-off"  skull. 

604  <?,  aged  45, — coronal  and  sagittal  sutures  obliterated, — phoxocephalic. 
Slightly  deformed,  the  right  parietal  bone  being  more  convex  than  the  left. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  i-idge,  3  nnn. ;  outer  part  orbital  arch,  40.° — Nasal 
bones  scarcely  convex,  depressed  ;  frontal  portion  nil ;  maxillary  portion  25  nnn. ; 
premaxillar}'  portion  5  mm. ;  radix  9  mm.,  80°  ;  salient  21  mm.,  30°  ;  ascending 
process  of  maxilla  transverse  to  plane  of  inner  wall  of  orbit.  Nasal  vestibule  analo- 
phic ;  incisor  eminence  discernible  with  faint  alveolar  line  and  fossa ;  spine  simple, 
crest  none ;  the  entire  vestibule,  therefore,  paedomorphic ;  alveolus  small,  15  mm. 
— Hard  palate  hyperbolic  ;  clioanae,  base  broader  than  apex. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  almost  closed. — Pterygo-spinosal  junction. — Enormous  spinous  process 
uniting  with  tegmen  and  overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  suture. — Petrosa  inflated. 
— Malar  bone  with  large  marginal  pi-ocess,  and  marked  suture-trace ;  bone  enters 
spheno-maxillary  fissure. — Lachrymal  bone  sutures  between  os  planum  and  maxilla 
obliterated. — Temporal  ridge  well  developed ;  no  interruption  at  stephanion,  Init  the 
second  stadium  of  the  ridge  as  well  developed  on  the  frontal  as  on  the  temporal 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA.  379 

bone.  This  arrangeiueut  is  unusual.  The  lamlxloidul  suture  harmonic  near  aste- 
rion  with  Wormian  bone.  Upper  mohn-s  4-4-0. — Sconce  14U  mm.  wide. — Skull 
rests  on  conceptacula.  yet  is  nearly  platybasic. — Curves  three  in  number :  first, 
opisthio-inion ;  second,  inio-lambdal ;  third,  lambdo-intertuberal.  Skull  markedly 
"  cut-ofr." 

456  3 ,  aged  40, — spha;rocephalic. 

Glabella  full,  supraorbitals,  2  mm. ;  supra-orbital  margin  much  inclined,  40°. — 
Nasal  bones  convex,  scarcely  depressed;  frontal  portion  ml;  maxillar}'  portion  21 
mm. ;  premaxillarv  portion  0  mm. ;  radix  7  mm.,  90°  ;  salient  20  mm.,  40° ; 
ascending  process  of  maxilla  nearly  on  plane  of  inner  wall  of  orbit.  Nasal  vestibule 
microlophic ;  alveolar  line  ti'enchant,  incisor  crest  and  nasal  spine  moderately 
developed ;  alveolus  12  mm. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic ;  alveolar  height  12  mm. ; 
choanal  15  mm.,  broadly  oval. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open  ;  spinous  process 
overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  suture ;  attempt  at  pterygo-spinosal  union. — Tem- 
poral ridge  without  interruption  at  stephanion ;  lambdoidal  suture  serrate  near 
asterion. — Malar  bone  with  small  marginal,  but  marked  suture-trace.— Sconce 
128  mm.  wide. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula. — An  almost  continuous  curve  from 
intertubera  to  opisthion,  a  slight  depression  only  occurring  at  the  lambda  and  at  the 
occipital  torus. 

708  ^,  aged  30, — archencephalic. 

Glabella  and  suprivorbital  ridge  m7 ;  outer  part  of  orbital  arch  greatly  inclined, 
50° . — Nasal  bones  convex;  frontal  portion  2  mm.;  maxillary  portion  20  mm.; 
ascending  process  of  maxilla  on  plane  with  inner  wall  of  orbit. — Nasal  vestibule 
microlophic ;  incisor  eminence  small,  ridge  extending  to  bifid  spine ;  alveolar  line 
rudimentarv.  yet  yielding  a  small  fossa. — Alveolus  small,  15  nun. — Hard  palate 
parabolic  right,  hyperbolic  left. — Large  over^ipping  spinous  process;  projecting 
teo-men  on  left. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  small,  but  open  Ixjth  medianly  and 
laterally. — Petrosa  inflated. — Temporal  ridge  interrupted  at  stephanion  ;  lambdoidal 
suture  serrate  near  asterion. — Ecto-petrosal  portion  of  temporal  bone  serpiginous, 
with  several  small  AVormian  bones. — Malar  bone  with  marked  marginal  process; 
suture-trace  present ;  maxillo-zygomatic  interval  5  mm.  long. — Lachrymal  bone  large ; 
hamulo-maxillary  union.— Os  planum  large;  bulla  small.— Upper  molars  4-3 i-3. — 
Skull  rests  on  conceptacula ;  large  transverse  occipital  torus. — The  brain-case  well- 
filled  ;  a  continuous  curve  from  bregma  to  opisthion.     Width  of  sconce  130  mm. 

726  ?  ,  aged  35, — archencephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  m7  ;  forehead  ptedomorphic,  outer  part  of  orbital 
arch  inclined  40°.  Nasal  bones  low,  arched,  concave  ;  frontal  portion  ml;  maxillary 
portion  17  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  1  mm.;  radix  S  nun.,  80°  ;  salient  12  mm., 
40°  ;  ascending  process  of  maxilla  nearly  transverse  to  inner  wall  of  orbit. — Nasal 
vestibule  analophic  ;  alveolar  line  m7.     Alveolus  17  mm.  high.— Hard  palate  hyper- 


380  CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 

bolic  left,  parabolic,  right;  alveolar  process  13  mm.  high;  choana?  with  produced 
basal  angle. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open.  Spinous  process  not  overlapping 
sphenoido-tynipanic  fissure. — Petrosa  intlated. — Epipteric  bone  on  right  side;  a 
Wormian  bone  on  right  side  in  lambdoidal  suture  near. asterion  and  at  mid-lambda. 
— Temporal  ridge  without  interruption  at  stephanion.  the  lambdoidal  suture  serrate 
to  asterion.  Upper  molars  4-o-U. — Sconce  158  mm. — Malar  bone  with  marginal 
process  almost  nil.     Suture-trace  evident,  5  mm.  long. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  almost  concealed  by  the  coronoid  process ;  mental  fora- 
men opposite  second  premolar ;  condyloid  process  angulated.  the  facets  about  equal, 
the  internal  inclined  downward  ;  angle  deflected  ;  genio-glossus  spine  dou])le  ;  genio- 
hyoid crest  distinct. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion  ;  occipital  curves  continuous,  but  inter- 
ruption at  lambda  between  the  occipital  and  the  parietal  back  of  the  intex'tubera, 
thus  constituting  a  "cut-off." — Entire  skull  remarkably  pjedomorphic. 

707  ^,  aged  30, — archencephalic,  slightly  deformed, — the  left  parietal  bone 
being  flattened. 

Glabella  small,  supra-orbital  ridge  slight ;  outer  part  of  orbital  arch  inclined,  40 
mm. — Nasal  bones  convex ;  frontal  jjortion  3  mm.;  ascending  process  of  maxilla  nearly 
on  plane  of  inner  wall  of  orbit.  Nasal  vestibule  mutilated  ;  incisor  eminence,  alve- 
olar line  marked,  prenasal  fossa  5  mm.  Alveolus  small,  12  mm. — Hard  palate  left 
side  hyperbolic,  right  side  parabolic;  alveolar  height  17  mm.;  choana?  with  base 
wider  than  apex. — Spinous  process  not  overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  fissure. 
Foramen  lacerum  medium  open,  medianly  and  laterally ;  left  petrosa  inflated. — 
Temporal  ridge  with  interruption  at  stephanion  of  21  mm. ;  lambdoidal  suture 
harmonic  near  asterion. — Left  side  of  head  the  smaller. — Epipteric  bone  present  on 
left  side. — Upper  molars  4-3 J-3. — The  sconce  94  mm.  wide,  coarsely  porose  on 
either  side  near  the  temporal  ridge. — Malar  bone  with  large  marginal  process ;  not 
in  spheno-maxillary  fissure. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  not  concealed  by  the  coronoid  process. — Molars 
l°-l-l;  genio-glossus  spine  double;  genio-hyoid  crest  ni7 ;  mental  tubercles  large. — 
Mental  foramen  on  line  with  second  premolar  on  right  side,  between  j^remolars  on 
left. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula,  thus  the  curve  from  opisthion  to  inion  is  distinct. 
The  curve  from  the  inion  to  tlie  bregma  uninterrupted  at  the  lambda  or  obelion. 


CKANIA   FROxM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 


381 


Measukemexts,  Table  No.  4. 


a 

i 

3 

c 

t 

.s 

1 

•1 

e 

Transverse 

Diameters  of 

Crauium. 

^ 
» 

X 

1 
1 

i 
1 
s 

1 

Transverse  Longitudinal 
Arcs.    I    Arcs. 

E 

H 

s 

1 

! 

3 

i 

a 

U 

M 

a 

t 
1 

1 

1 
1 

0 

a 

II 

> 

1 

s 

I 

t 

a 

1 

1 

1 

1 
ii 

1 

X 

i 

2.1 

0 

c 

0 

5 
1 

•E 

3 
1 

1 

3 

Ci 

3 
e 

3 
1 

I 

i 

J 

1 

1 

I 
1 

u 

1 
•< 

a 

Seminole 

733  9  1160 

1    1 

172  172  124 

83 

75 

117 

126/j 

73 

72  121 

'     1     t 

479  269  272  283 

120 

120108  33  26  94 

85 

94 

100  90 

698?!l435178  178139'  89 

110!120 

137.S 

77 

78  131 

503  285  295  310 

130  114124  35  31  93 

93101 

108  92 

'   1,105  ?:i320  174,1741361  94 

100 

113 

13.5p 

78 

78 

136 

490  285  294  303 

113  122  115  38  30103 

96101 

98  95 

730' 

1275177178  130 

100 

100 

121 

140i( 

79 

73 

127 

505  280  290  300 

115  120115  33  26  102 

97,101 

99  96 

'   1 

,286? 

1220I169,16<I136 

90 

94101 

126.s|75 

80 

128 

478  280;293:300 

122130  105  34  28104 

93  100 

96  93 

732? 

1275J180183  133 

99110 

124 

136a  I  76 

74  134 

510  1300  .300|310 

130  120  110  39  30105 

96104 

99  92 

'   1,840  ? 

1415 

182,182,140 

95103 

130 

136« !  75 

77  133 

510  295 

303310 

118  137113  40  20103|95  100 

97:95 

604? 

1555 

180  180  145 

95105 

125 

148«  82 

81  !139 

520  310 

332,340 

130135  120t33  29  101 

98,104 

103,94 

456? 

1525 

172  172'145 

98112 

130 

145«  84 

84  141 

512  310 

3201325 

125115116136  30105 

88'  93 

89:95 

708? 

1460 

176176 

135 

93:  99 

116 

138« :  78 

77  133 

505  290 

310 

320 

130  108140  34  30100 

94,102 

10292 

726  9 

1285 

165165 

132 

95105 

115 

140« :  85 

80  130 

480  300:310 

310 

125120100 

34j28|  95 

89 

95 

100  94 

707? 

1510177177 

138 

95100 

122 

145« 

82 

78132 

512  300 

i 

315 

325 

130120112 

i   1 

3229101 

91 

98 

97 

93 

A\ 

•er. 

1370 

175 

175 

136 

94 

101 

120 

138 

79 

78  132 

500  292 

303 

311 

1 
124122 

115 

35  29J101 

93 

99 

99 

93 

p  Bi-parietal. 


a  Bi-squamosal. 


'  See  Section  III  on  ^letopism. 


Measurements, 

Table  ] 

S^O.  5 

• 

Diameters 
of  Face. 

Cm 

O 

.a 

o 

S 

3 

> 

(M 

o 

Hi 

"S 

Of  Orbit. 

Of  External 
Nose. 

Malar  Lines. 

Width 
Lower  Jaw 

Height 
Lower  Jaw 

1 

i 

6 

i 

J 
■1 

o 

O 

Of 
Ramus. 

» 

1 
1 

S 

la 

u 

s. 
s 

1 

1 

1 

-2 

3 
i 
I 

& 

a 

.a 
1 

.s 

*s 

O 
1— « 

.a 
1 

S 

s 

r 

1 

s 

It 

s 

i 

-a 

a 

§ 

s 

"a 

is 

*s 

.s 

s 

1 

o 

s 

65 

66 

0 

0 

53 

65 

0 

n 

0 

0 

64 

0 

1 

.a 

t 

S 
< 

733  9 

698? 
1,105? 
730 

1,286  ? 

732? 
1,840  ? 

604? 

456? 

708? 

726  9 

707? 

127 
130 
133 
138 
126 
140 
142 
135 
140 
128 
124 
133 

93 

97 

103 

100 

95 

99 

104 

101 

97 

105 

93 

95 

20 
20 
24 
27 
21 
27 
0 
25 
25 
25 
25 
24 

45 

48 
45 
45 
43 
42 
47 
46 
48 
44 
40 
44 

47 
57 
55 
55 
47 
52 
55 
54 
57 
43 
45 
53 

20 

18 
18 
22 
18 
17 
19 
15 
18 
14 
20 
16 

34 
37 

38 
38 
38 
36 
84 
37 
38 
35 
34 
29 

25 
32 
25 
35 
86 
33 
36 
32 
34 
33 
30 
27 

74 

87 
66 
92 
95 
92 
94 
87 
90 
94 
88 
93 

47 
54 
52 
54 
49 
50 
52 
56 
52 
52 
44 
53 

24 
26 
24 
27 
24 
24 
26 
26 
25 
26 
24 
26 

51 

48 
46 
50 
49 
48 
50 
46 
48 
50 
55 
49 

49 

100 
105 
110 
0 
105 
110 
108 
107 
108 
108 
103 
108 

91 

93 

99 

103 

94 

100 

100 

100 

97 

96 

95 

98 

86 

80 

0 

0 

80 

85 

0 

0 

0 

0 

73 

0 

97 

82 

0 

0 

96 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

89 

88 

31 

34 

0 

0 

27 

34 

0 

0 

0 

0 

22 

31 

24 

30 
0 
0 
0 

29 
0 
0 
0 
0 

23 

30 

60 

64 

0 

0 

55 

66 

0 

0 

0 

0 

63 

65 

93 

88 

0 

0 

85 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

85 

85 

30 

35 

0 

0 

30 

35 

0 

0 

0 

0 

39 

35 

Aver. 

133 

99 

24 

45 

52 

18 

36 

32 

88 

51 

25 

1^6 

97 

81 

91 

30 

27 

62 

89 

63 

34 

882 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 

Measurements,  Table  No.  6. 


3 
a 

a 

a 

o 

1 

= 

1 

50 

i 

1 

a 

s 
■3 
S 

V 

"a 

a 

1 

1 

'V 

•r 

3 

5 

1 

i 

3 

a 

a 
g 

I- 

Catalogue 

^2 

'a 

1 

49 

1 

i 
> 

1 

it 

S 

1 
3 

a 
< 

2 

1 

"it. 

1  . 

5 
•5 

I 

s. 
D 

14 

i 

16 

14 

0 

733? 

65 

124 

74 

76 

40 

96 

31 

35 

55 

30 

14 

8 

698^ 

67 

54 

52 

122 

66 

86 

44 

102 

31 

37 

59 

26 

13 

16 

13 

19 

12 

1,105^ 

62 

58 

53 

118 

74 

85 

41 

103 

40 

34 

58 

27 

12 

18 

15 

15 

11 

730 

63 

55 

52 

115 

76 

85 

44 

100 

33 

40 

57 

.30 

0 

17 

17 

0 

0 

1,286  $ 

60 

55 

55 

119 

63 

86 

40 

102 

29 

33 

55 

28 

13 

14 

16 

18 

11 

732  S 

55 

60 

54 

121 

81 

82 

49 

110 

37 

42 

62 

30 

16 

14 

14 

22 

9 

1,840^ 

61 

61 

51 

118 

75 

88 

49 

113 

36 

39 

55 

30 

0 

15 

15 

18 

9 

604  ^ 

59 

57 

50 

130 

85 

85 

47 

112 

37 

45 

53 

28 

14 

15 

17 

19 

16 

456^ 

50 

GO 

54 

126 

81 

89 

51 

113 

32 

39  . 

52 

27 

17 

15 

13 

18 

11 

T08f 

61 

55 

51 

120 

75 

81 

45 

103 

35 

40 

55 

28 

14 

14 

14 

14- 

10 

726$ 

66 

50 

49 

115 

70 

78 

46 

92 

25 

30 

53 

23 

12 

10 

14 

14 

7 

707  J 

44 
59 

55 
56 

51 
52 

119 

75 

88 

42 

100 

31 

36 

55 
56 

27 

14 

15 
15 

15 

15 

15 

9 

Aver. 

120 

75 

84 

45 

104 

33 

37 

28 

14 

17 

10 

In  reviewing  the  Seminole  crania  it  is  observed  that  all  were  males  but  two. 
This  disparity  is  probably  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  specimens  were  in  the 
main  obtained  from  battle-fields.  The  glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  were  faintly 
developed,  the  maximum  being  4  mm.  and  six  being  «z7.  An  average  of  five  speci- 
mens (in  which  the  parts  were  measurable)  was  3  mm.,  in  this  regard  they  are  con- 
trastable  with  the  Moore  crania.  The  degree  of  inclination  of  the  sujjrivorbital 
margin  is  about  40°. — The  nasal  bones  showed  but  slight  disposition  to  project  above 
the  level  of  the  fronto-maxillary  suture — namely  3  mm.;  while  in  five  it  did  not 
project  at  all.  "In  nine  specimens  the  maxillary  portion  of  the  bone  was  21  mm. 
long,  being  about  the  same  as  in  the  Moore  series.  The  length  of  the  nasal  radix 
was  about  8  mm.  and  the  angle  80°,  while  the  salient  was  18  mm.,  and  subtended 
an  angle  of  40°,  nearly. — The  nasal  vestibule  was  macrolophic  in  two;  microlophic 
in  three,  showing  a  small  fossa;  while  five  were  analophic.  The  alveolus  was  15 
mm.  high,  thus  being  about  the  same  as  in  the  Moore  series. — The  hard  palate  was 
for  the  most  part  hyperbolic,  ther^  being  but  two  examples  of  the  parabolic  form, 
though  in  three  other  specimens  (Nos.  708,  726,  707)  right  side  was  paral)olic,  while 
the  left  was  hyperbolic. — The  height  of  the  alveolar  process  was  10  mm. — In  four 
specimens  the  choanae  was  paedomorphie,  all  the  others  exhibiting  a  base  which  was 
wider  than  the  apex. — The  foramen  lacerum  medium  was  open  in  all,  but  two  showed 
closure  along  the  line  of  the  groove  for  the  Eustachian  tube. — In  six  specimens  the 
spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone  was  large  and  overlapped  the  sphenoido- 
tympanic  suture.  , 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  8S8 

In  the  region  of  the  origin  of  the  temporal  muscle  the  temporal  ridge  was 
interrupted  in  seven  examples,  and  not  interrupted  in  three ;  two  of  these  being 
females.  In  this  series,  therefore,  the  interruption  at  the  stephanion  in  the 
curve  of  the  temporal  ridge  was  a  good  sex  character;  indeed,  better  than  the  mar- 
ginal process  of  the  malar  l)one,  which,  while  present  in  one  female,  was  al)sent  in 
the  other  and  was  almost  absent  in  two  males  (Nos.  45G,  1,280). — The  lambdoidal 
suture  as  it  approached  the  asterion  became  harmonic  in  seven  (all  males)  and 
serrate  in  five,  two  of  which  were  females. — The  interval  between  the  temporal 
ridges  at  the  sconce  had  a  minimum  of  86  mm.  and  a  maximum  of  158  mm.,  an 
average  of  122  ;  omitting  the  two  females  the  average  Avas  112  mm.,  which  is  greater 
than  that  of  the  Moore  series. — A  remarkable  feature  in  which  the  Seminoles 
agree  with  the  Moere  skulls  is  the  horizontal  groove  on  the  inner  side  of  the  malar 
bone,  which  was  present  in  all  the  sjjecimens.  In  six  crania  the  malar  bone  entered 
the  spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  in  four  it  did  not. 

The  lower  jaw  was  present  in  seven  of  the  skulls.  The  condyloid  process  was 
angulated  in  all,  the  median  facet  being  inclined.  The  base  of  the  coracoid  process 
concealed  the  third  molar  in  whole  or  in  part  in  three;  one  of  these  (No.  1,286) 
was  a  female.  The  mental  foramen  opened  between  the  premolars  in  four  on  both 
sides,  in  one  as  above  on  the  left  side,  but  opposite  the  second  premolar  on  the  right 
side.  In  two  specimens  only  (Nos.  733,  698)  the  foramen  lay  between  the  second 
premolar  and  the  first  molar.  The  teeth  were  well  developed,  only  two  specimens 
showing  the  second  upper  molar  with  less  than  four  cusps,  and  the  second  lower 
molar  with  less  than  five. 

Resume. — Dolichocephalic,  female,  one.  Mesaticephalic,  male,  seven.  Brachy- 
cephalic,  male,  three ;  female,  one. — Orthognathous,  male,  four.  Mesognathous, 
male,  five  ;  female,  two.  Prognathous,  male,  one. — Leptorhine,  male,  two.  Meso- 
rhine,  male,  eight;  female,  one.  Platyrhine,  female,  one. — Microseme,  male, 
one;  female,  one.  Mesoseme,  male,  two;  female,  one.  Megaseme,  male,  seven. 
— Microcephalic,  male,  four;  female,  two.  Mesocephalic,  male,  two.  Mega- 
cephalic,  male,  four.  ♦ 

{b)  Description-  of  a  Series  of  Skulls  of  North  American-  Ixdiaxs  Collected 
West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (mainland).  After  the  Florida  crania  had  been 
studied  it  was  determined  to  compare  them  with  a  group  as  remote  as  possible  both 
in  geographical  and  ethnographical  range.  For  this  purpose  the  skulls  of  Indians 
from  the  Pacific  Coast  were  included  with  those  collected  from  localities  as  far  east 
as  the  Rocky  Mountains.  While  this  enormous,  territory  is  occupied  by  tribes  dif- 
fering greatly  among  themselves,  it  is  true,  that  in  the  California  -'Digger,"  the 
Shoshoni  and  the  Pawnee  the  lowest  point  in  skull  conformation  in  the  Indian 
is  reached,  while  the  variations  in  structuml  details  throughout  are  more  striking 
than  in  skulls  from  other  parts  of  North  America.  Unless  specially  stated  the 
specimens  are  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy. 

48  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.,  PHILA..  VOL.  X. 


384  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

Yakatat  S.     Princeton  College.^     Aged  40  years, — platycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra<)r})ital  ridge  faint ;  supra-orljital  margin,  40°. — Nasal  bones 
concave  scarcely  narrowed  at  bridge;  frontal  portion  2  nun.,  maxillary  portion  15 
mm.;  radix  5  mm.,  90°;  salient  20  mm.,  40°.  Nasal  vestibule  niicrolophic ;  incisor 
eminence  m7. ;  spine  double,  pa^domorpliic,  with  marked  ridges ;  alveolar  line 
discernible. — Alveolus  high. — Hard  palate  parabolic  10  nnn. ;  choana?  pajdomorphic  ; 
spinous  process  scarcely  overlapping  petroso-sphenoidal  fissure. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  open.  Petrosa  inflated. — Temporal  ridges  not  marked ;  parietal  Ijone  with 
mortise  at  post-scjuamosa ;  occipital  squamosa  projecting  slightly  beyond  lambda. — 
Sconce  60  mm. 

Lower  Jaw.  The  third  molar  in  advance  of  base  of  coronoid  process  ;  mental 
foramen  between  second  bicuspid  and  first  molar ;  angle  everted" ;  genial  spine  and 
ridge  both  rudimental ;  condyloid  process  massive,  angulated  ;  hyperostosis  on  inside 
of  lower  jaw  at  premolars.     Teeth  are  much  worn,  cuspidation  obscure. 

Sitka  9 .  Princeton  College.  Aged  60  years, — sph^erocephalic ;  slightly 
deformed,  much  mutilated. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  riil. — Palate  hyperbolic ;  outer  half  of  the 
supraorbital  border  slightly  inclined. — Spinous  process  not  overlapping  sphenoido- 
tympanic  fissure.     Skull  "cut-off." 

562  ^,  Kodiak,  Alaska.  Columbia  University,  New  York.^  Aged  50  jears, — 
globicephalic ;  ai'tificially  deformed. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  rather  prominent. — Nasal  bones  coalesced ; 
frontal  part  3  mm.;  maxillary  part  15  mm.  Narrow  saddle  moderately  depressed. 
— Nasal  vestibule  narrow,  small,  analojjhic.  No  nasal  eminence  or  alveolar  line. 
Spine  single,  prominent,  with  sharp  ridge  extending  into  the  chamljer ;  alveolus 
high. — Anterior  wall  of  maxillary  sinus  greatly  depressed. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic. 
— Sphenoido-tymjDanic  fissure  greatly  overlapped ;  petrosa  not  inflated ;  occiput 
deformed  by  softening.  Occipital  condyles  small. — Marginal  process  of  malar 
moderately  developed.  Sutui'e-trace  marked ;  bone  enters  into  spheno-maxillary 
fissure.  The  fronto-temporal  crest  well  defined,  interrupted  from  the  parieto  tem- 
poral at  the  stephanion.  The  parieto-presquamosal  suture  falls  off  sharply  to  near 
posterior  end,  where  it  forms  a  long  mortise  on  the  parietal ;  parieto-post-squamosal 
well  defined;  post  squamoso-ecto-petrosal  suture  discernible. — Lambda  oblitei-ated ; 
muscular  impression  weak ;  occiput  artificially  flattened  ;  obelial  foramina  open. 
— Lachrymal  bone  small ;  lachrymo-planal  suture  irregular.  Hamular  process 
unites  with  maxilla  in  orbit ;  an  ossicle  intercalated  on  right.  Skull  platybasic,  rests 
on  opisthion. 

1  This  skull  and  the  next  in  order  were  kindly  loaned  by  Prof.  Wm.  Libbey. 
Permission  to  examine  this  and  other  specimens  from  Columbia  University  was  courteously 
extended  by  Prof  Geo.  S.  Huntington. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA.  385 

Lower  Jaw.  Deflected  angle ;  condyle  process  angidated  ;  jienial  spine  and 
ridge  present ;  hyperostosis  of  molar  and  premolar  region  conspicuous ;  m\U)h void 
ridge  lost  in  it. 

2.154  ^  S ,  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska,  Dr.  Benjamin  Sharp.  Aged  5U  years,^ — 
ooidocephalic,  cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  rudimental,  2  nun.;  supra-orbital  margin 
.slightly  inclined  10°.  Frontal  portion  nasal  bone  4  mm.  long ;  maxillary  portion 
15  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  2  nun.;  radix  12  mm.,  80°;  salient  1:!  mm.,  50°. — 
Nasal  vestibule  analophic. — Alveolus  22  mm.  high. — Hard  palate  U-shaped.  Torus 
palatinus  present. — Choanae  ptedomorphic.  Pyramidal  jirocess  18  mm.  Spinous 
process  overlapping  sphenoidotympanic  fissure  on  right  side. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  nearly  closed. — Temporal  ridge  with  fault  at  stephanion.  Mortise  on  right 
side. — Malar  bone  with  marginal  process;  suture-trace  evident.  Skull  rests  on 
conceptacula. 

659  ■? ,  Assinaboin.     Aged  40  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  marked,  4  mm. — Nasal  bones  narrow  at  bridge; 
frontal  portion  expanded,  5  mm. ;  maxillary  jjortion  narrow,  25  mm. ;  premaxillary 
portion  4  mm.;  outer  half  orbital  margin  greatly  inclined.  Nasal  vestibule  micro- 
lophic ;  incisor  and  eminence  and  crest  high,  compressed  ;  spine  mutilated,  prominent. 
Alveolar  line  discernible,  defining  fossas  between  it  and  the  incisor  eminence. — 
Alveolus  high,  scarcely  inclined.  The  premaxilla  small  in  horizontal  limb,  teeth 
vertical. — Hard  palate  parabolic,  deep ;  external  pterygoid  plate  very  wide. — Sphe- 
noido-tympanic  fissure  not  overlapped  by  the  spinous  process. — Petrosa  scarcely 
inflated. — Symmetrical  Wormian  bones  at  asterion.  Parietal  slightly  mortised  at 
post-squamosa. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula.     Platybasic.     Tapeinocephalic. 

1.2-30  9 ,  Assinaboin.     Aged  24  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  suj)ra-orbital  ridge  almost  nil ;  supra-orbital  margin  scarcely 
inclined. — Nasal  bone  24  mm.  long;  moderately  depressed  at  bridge,  not  narrowed; 
frontal  portion  3  mm.;  maxillary  portion  18  mm.;  premaxillary  5  mm.  Nasal 
vestibule  macrolophic ;  incisor  eminence  nil ;  spine  marked,  simple,  with  small 
ridges ;  alveolar  line  defined  ;  incisor  crest  high. — Hard  palate  parabolic  shallow  ; 
sphenoido-tympanic  fissure  not  crossed  by  spinous  process.  Petrosa  inflated; 
tapeinocephalic. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  partially  concealed  by  the  base  of  the  coronoid 
process;  genial  spine  and  crest  nil.     Upper  molars  4-4-0.  lower  molars  \°-\°^. 

649  ^,  Arickaree, — cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  aiid  supra-orbital  ridge  faint;  supra-orbital  margin,  40°. — Nasal  bones 
25  mm.  long;  frontal  portion  3  mm.  long;  maxillary  portion  19  nun.;  premaxillary 

'  This  skull  was  received  after  the  table  of  measurements  was  finished. 


386  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 

3  mm.;  radix  8mm.,  80°  ;  j^alient  30°. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic ;  iuci.sor  eminence 
rudimental ;  incisor  crest  almost  nil ;  small  posterior  process  and  conspicuous  spine. 
Spinal  crest  conspicuous  not  trenchant.  Alveolar  line  nil. — Hard  palate  with  pro- 
nounced alveolar  process  20  mm.;  choana^  pa>domorpliic.  Lanibdoidal  suture  serrate 
near  asterion. — Marginal  proces.s  of  malar  bone  conspicuous ;  Ijone  in  spheno-maxil- 
lary  fissure ;  suture-trace  evident. — Epipteric  bone  on  right  side ;  fronto-sphenoidal 
and  other  sutui-es  clo.sed  in  left  temporal  fossa,  but  open  on  right.  Many  parieto- 
.  occipital  Wormian  bones. — Lachrymal  Ijone  confined  entirely  to  plane  of  os  planum 
and  has  small  part  in  lachrymal  duct.  This  is  a  hylobatean  feature.  The  hamular 
process  united  to  maxilla ;  lachrymo-planal  suture  (1  mm.  long. 

748  9,  Arickaree.     Aged  45  years, — cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  rudimental ;  sui)erior  orbital  margin  inclined, 
40°. — Nasal  bones  compressed;  mutilated;  frontal  jjart  4  nnn.  Nasal  vestibule 
analophic ;  incisor  eminence  none,  spinal  crest  salient,  alveolar  border  trenchant. 
Alveolar  line  not  extending  beyond  canine  eminence.  Spine  single  conspicuous. — 
Alveolar  process  everywhere  produced,  parabolic. — Foramen  lacerum  medium,  small 
6  mm.;  sphenoido-tympanic  suture  not  overlapped. — Upper  margin  alisphenoid  pro- 
cess 40  mm.  long ;  mortise  present  at  post-squamosa ;  occipito-squamosal  suture 
obliterated ;  platybasic ;  greatest  transverse  diameter  bi-squamosal.  Malar  bone 
marginal  process  marked  ;  not  in  spheno-maxillary  fissure  ;  suture-trace  present. 

213  9,  Nasqua  (Naas),  Fort  Simpson.     Aged  40  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orl)ital  ridge  marked,  3  mm.;  orbital  margin  scarcely 
inclined ;  supra-orbital  canal  tar  above  orbital  margin. — Nasal  bones  28  mm.;  frontal 
part  6  mm.,  remaining  portion  29  nnn.,  acutely  arched;  radix  11  mm.,  90°  ;  salient 
14  mm.,  50°.  Nasal  vestibule  analophic;  incisor  eminence  and  alveolar  line  none. 
Spinal  ridge  sub-trenchant,  limiting  spine  conspicuously  ;  alveolus  high. — Lachrymal 
bone  with  hamular  process  joining  maxilla. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic ;  choanal  scarcely 
wide  at  base.  Spinous  processes  enormous,  overlapping  the  25*itro.so-sphenoidal 
fissure.  Petroi^a  markedly  asymmetrical,  the  left  being  the  larger.  Fronto- 
tenqjoral  crest  prominent.  Parieto-temporal  ridge  and  transverse  occipital  torus 
unite  for  20  mm.  at  asterion  to  form  a  nearly  harmonic  suture. — Malar  Ijone  widely 
flanging ;  suture-trace  on  outer  side  left,  marked  on  inner  side  right  and  left ; 
marginal  process  conspicuous. — Sconce  56  mm.  only ;  the  smallest  oljserved  in  the 
series.  Phajnozygomous. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula.  The  torus  transversus 
occipitalis  well  developed,  reaching  within  47  mm.  of  asterion ;  inion  prominent. 

This  heav}-,  large  skull  with  prominent  glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge, 
narrow  nasal  aperture,  high  alveolus,  large  spinous  processes,  enormous  hard  palate 
and  strong,  closely  approximated  temporal  ridges  apppears  strangely  out  of  place 
with  the  smaller,  smoother  browed  specimens  elsewhere  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 
The  shape  of  the  nose  recalls  the  Alaskan  forms,  while  the  broad  low  post-tuberal 
region  of  the  occipital  norma  is  the  same  as  the  other  skulls  of  the  series. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  387 

:214   ^,  Nasqua  (Naa.s),  Fort  Simpson.     Aged  20  years, — i^teiioceplialic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  faint,  outer  part  of  upper  Ijorder  of  orbit  almost  . 
straight. — Nasal  bones  27  nun.  long,  no  frontal  portion,  greatly  narrowed  at  the  low- 
arched  bridge,  frontal  bone  carinated ;  radix  11  mm.,  80°  ;  salient  13  mm.,  oO^. 
Nasal  vestibule  microlophic ;  small  inei.sor  eminence  ;  nasal  spine  simple,  large. 
Spinal  ridge  subtrenchant,  limiting. — Hard  palate  pa^domorphic. — Choaiiiv  with  Ijase 
wider  than  apex.  Petrosa  asymmetrical,  the  left  the  larger. — The  sphenoido-tym panic 
fissure  overlapped  by  the  enormous  spinous  process. — Temporal  crests  faintly-  defined, 
mortise  at  post-squamosa  conspicuous. — Malar  bone  with  large  marginal  process  on 
right  side  7  mm. — Lachrymal  bone  with  hamular  process  joining  maxilla. — Skull 
rests  on  conceptacula,  phoenozygomous. 

The  skull  is  l^arely  mature.  The  third  upper  molar  is  just  erupted.  Hence 
the  muscular  impressions  are  weak,  but  the  marginal  j)rocess  of  the  malar  bone 
enormous,  as  are  also  the  spinous  processes.  The  occipital  norma  is  moderately 
ptedomorphic  and  slightly  "cut  off." 

457  9 ,  Chinook,  Columbia  River.     Aged  GO  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-<irbital  ridge,  1  mm.  Supra-cjrbital  margin  scarcely  inclined, 
50°. — Nasal  bones  25  mm.  long;  frontal  part  4  mm.  long;  radix  8  nun.  long,  90°  ; 
salient  18  mm.,  40°. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic  ;  incisor  eminence  of  alveolar  line 
rudimentary- ;  spinal  line  present  on  left  only.  Incisor  crest  inconspicuous. — Septal 
foramen  large. — Alveolus  high. — Hard  palate  shallow,  indeterminate  ;  wider  at  l)ase 
than  apex.  Spinous  process  overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  suture  left.  Foramen 
lacerum  medium  nearly  closed. — Malar  bone  marginal  process  nil ;  suture-trace 
none ;  bone  enters  into  spheno-maxillary  fissure. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula ; 
pluvnozygomous. 

This  is  a  good  example  of  a  skull  of  a  female  passed  middle  life.  The  jaw  is 
nearly  edentulcjus.  The  muscular  power  was  low  for  the  temixn-al  impressions  ai-e 
weak  and  the  parieto-temporal  crest  not  raised  near  the  lambdoidal  suture.'  A 
continuous  eur^•e  passes  from  the  post^bregma  to  the  opisthon,  hence  the  skull  is 
"well-filled." 

578  $ ,  Chinook  slave.     Aged  35  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge,  3  ram. ;  supra-orbital  margin,  40°. — Nasal 
bones  mutilated. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic  Avith  .slightly  raised  alveolar  line. 
Alveolus  16  mm. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic. — Alveolar  process  13  nun.  liigh. — Choante 
wide,  pajdomorphic. — Foramen  lacerum  meduim  nearly  closed;  spinous  process 
overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  suture. — Temporal  ridge  interrupted  at  stephanion ; 
parieto-temporal  ridge  raised  at  lamlnloidal  suture,  Avhich  is  harmonic  near  asterion  ; 
transverse  occipital  torus  well  devehjped. — Malar  ))one  with  large  nuirginal  process ; 
it  is  lodged  in  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  conspicuous. — Sconce  130 

mm. Skull  rests  on  opisthion  ;  curves  in  occipital  norma  two, — tjne  from  opisthion 

to  inion  and  another  from  inion  to  intertubera ;  yet  the  skull  is  "  cut-<jff." 


388  CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 

The  skull  with  its  small  glabella  ■would  appear  to  be  a  female,  Init  the  temporal 
ridge  is  well  developed,  and  the  marginal  process  of  the  malar  bone  large.  The 
st\loid  process  is  also  neai'ly  emljraced  by  the  tympanic  bone.  The  post  torus 
is  very  lai-ge.  A  small  parieto-occi})ital  process  is  seen  on  the  left  side ;  the  right 
side  at  the  same  place  is  mutilated.  The  serpiginous  part  of  the  ecto-petrosal  portion 
of  the  temporal  is  conspicuous. 

557  9 ,  Pawnee,  Columbia  University.     Aged  35  years, — artificially  deformed. 

Glalx-Ua  and  supra-orbital  ridge  almost  nil. — Nasal  bone  long,  26  mm.;  frontal 
portion  3  mm.;  maxillary  portion  20  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  o  mm. — Nasal 
vestibule  microlophic ;  incisor  eminence  none,  very  high  trenchant  alveolar  ridges, 
nasal  spines  double. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic. — Alveolar  process  11  mm.  high. — 
Choanae  with  base  much  wider  than  apex. — Spinous  process  small,  not  overlapping 
sphenoido-tympanic  suture. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  closed  laterally. — Temporal 
crest  faintly  marked,  but  interrupted  at  stephanion.  A  Wormian  bone  in  left 
stephanion.  A  right  K-suture.  Two  epactal  bones  on  the  left  side.  Mortise  sym- 
metrical.— Malar  bone  small,  weak ;  rudimental  marginal  process ;  suture-trace 
evident  on  inner  side. — Lachrymo-planal  suture  small,  7  mm. — Rudimental  bulla 
ethmoidalis  on- both  sides.- — Sconce  110  mm.  wide. 

Lower  Jaw.  Condyloid  process  without  angulation.  Mental  foramen  on  line 
of  second  premolar.  Teeth  much  decayed,  many  lost  and  point  to  modern 
influence,  as  also  do  the  deep  canine  fossse. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion ;  two  curves 
present, — one  from  opisthion  to  inion,  one  from  inion  to  intertubera. 

The  skull  is  remarkable  for  the  modern  character  of  the  external  nose  and 
palate,  the  presence  of  a  Wormian  bone  at  stephanion  and  K-suture  on  the  right 
side,  and  two  epactal  bones  (one  of  them  indeed  a  fronto-sphenoidal),  and  the  lamb- 
doidal  suture  maintaining  its  serrate  character  to  the  asterion  notwithstanding  the 
well  marked  temporal  ridges.  The  lower  jaw  is  weak  and  the  condyloid  process 
without  facets. 

556  $ ,  Pawnee,  Columbia  University.     Aged  60  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  well  marked,  4  mm.;  suiDra-orljital  margin, 
50°;  frontal  portion  of  nasal  bones  3  nnn. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic;  incisor 
crest  high.  Nasal  spine  prominent ;  high  trenchant  alveolar  line ;  high  ah-eolus 
18  mm. — Hard  palate  parabolic. — Choanal  large,  pa^domorphic. — Spinous  process 
enormous,  overlapping  sphenoido-tympanic  suture.  Foramen  lacerum  medium 
clo.sed. — Malar  bone  with  large  marginal  process ;  extends  in  spheno-maxillary 
fissure ;  no  suture-trace. — Lachrymal  bone  with  large  pre-dacyral  surface. — Sconce, 
108  mm. 

Lower  Jaw.  Condyloid  process  worn  on  lateral  third,  and  median  two-thirds 
not  inclined  downward.  Coronoid  process  not  concealing  third  molar.  Genial  spine 
enormous.  Genial  crest  nil,  but  foramen  in  its  site.  Mental  foramen  opposite 
second  premolar.     Skull  platybasic. 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA.  389 

The  union  of  nasal  bones  with  the  maxilla,  the  frontal  Iwne,  and  with  one 
another,  and  the  closed  foramen  lacerum  medium,  are  remarkable.  The  styloid 
process  is  40  mm.  long.      Extensive  disease  of  ethmoid  bone  is  present. 

1,04.3  S ,  Pawnee,  Fort  Wolla,  Arkansas.     Aged  25  years, — cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-or))ital  ridges  rudimentary,  1  mm.;  outer  half  of  superior 
orbital  margin  slightly  inclined  40°. — Nasal  bones  24  mm.;  frontal  portion  1  mm.; 
maxilla,  premaxillary  portion  25  mm.;  bone  narrowed  and  low  arched  at  bridge. 
— Nasal  vestibule  microlophic ;  alveolar  line  defined,  and  is  in  plane  of  highest  posi- 
tion of  the  palatal  aspect  of  the  premaxilla ;  spine  single,  conspicuous,  as  is  also  the 
nasal  crest. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic,  shallow,  10  mm.  high. — Choana;  much  wider  at 
base  than  apex. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open.  Petrosa  inflated. — Sphenoido- 
tympanic  suture  overlapped  by  enormous  spinous  process.  Rudimental  paramastoid 
processes  present.  The  lachrymal  bone  with  hamular  process  articulating  with  an 
ossicle  which  intervenes  between  the  process  named  and  the  maxilla. — Sconce  6,9 
mm. — Temporal  ridge  with  interruption  at  stephanion.  The  cymbecephalic  is  of  high 
grade.  The  skull  rests  on  the  opisthion ;  the  most  posterior  part  of  the  skull  is  the 
transverse  occipital  torus.  • 

540  9 ,  Pawnee.     Aged  25  years, — eurycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  small,  1  mm.;  supra-orbital  margin  40°. — Nasal 
bones  mutilated. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic. — Alveolus  short,  11  mm. — The  hai-d 
palate  hyperbolic  on  left  side  and  slightly  parabolic  on  the  right. — The  temporal 
crest  is  interrupted,  and  the  lambdoidal  suture  is  harmonic  within  10  mm.  of  the 
asterion. — A  mortise  is  present  on  line  (jf  the  post-squamosal  portion  of  the  temporal 
bone. — Sconce  106  nnn.  wide. — The  skull  rests  on  the  opisthion  and  conceptacula. — 
Malar  bone  with  a  small  marginal  process ;  it  enters  into  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure ; 
a  suture-trace  is  evident  on  inner  side  of  the  bone. — The  teeth  are  absent  from  the 
jaw. — The  skull  is  prognathic. 

,1,447  ?,  Shoshoni.     Aged  40  years, — angularly  oblong. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  moderate;  supra-orbital  margin,  50°. — Nasal 
bone,  frontal  portion  o  mm.;  maxillary  portion  17  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  3  mm.; 
radix  8  mm.,  90°  ;  salient  9  mm.,  30°. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic  ;  incisor  crest  none. 
Nasal  spine  small.  Alveolus  16  mm.  high. — Hard  palate  parabolic.  Alveolar  pro- 
cess 12  mm.  high. — Choanal  small,  pajdomorphic ;  the  left  slightly  the  smaller. — 
Foramen  lacerum  medium  closed. — Spinous  process  notably  overlapping  sphenoido 
tympanic  suture.  Small  parieto-sphenoidal  suture.  Morti.se  present.  Temporal 
ridge  interrupted  at  stephanion.  Lambdoidal  and  sagittal  sutures  closed. — Malar 
bone  narrow,  small  marginal  process  bone  enters  into  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure ; 
suture-trace  present. — Lachrymal  bone  small,  reaches  maxilla  through  hanuilar 
process. — Rudiment   of  a  transverse   occipital  suture  present. — Skull  rests  on  the 


390  CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 

conceptacula. — Sconce  88  mm.  wide. — Teeth  were  all  in  position  during  life.  They 
closely  resemble  those  of  No.  1,783,  Moore  series.     Upper  molars  4-oi-o. 

The  skull  is  exceptional  for  the  obliteration  of  the  sutures  of  the  vertex,  yet 
the  teeth  are  but  little  worn.  Skull  prognathic  1  o  mm.  Middle  turbinated  bone  with 
marked  sulci  visible  from  in  front.     The  narrow  malar  bone  recalls  No.  557,  Pawnee. 

1.448  ^,  Shoshoni.     Aged  50  years, — archencephalic.     Fragmentary. 
Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  prominent. — Nasal    bones  mutilated;    frontal 

part  projecting  o  nnn.  above  the  maxillar}-. — Nasal  vestibule  anali)phic. — Hard 
palate  hyperbolic. — Sphenoido-tympanic  fissure  not  overlapped  by  the  spinous  process. 
— Foramen  lacerum  medium  nearly  closed  laterally',  open  medianly. — Sagitta  carinate. 
— Malar  bone  witlk  large  marginal  process ;  the  bone  enters  the  splieno-maxillary 
fissure ;  distinct  suture-trace. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula. — Sconce  U'J  mm. — The 
skull  is  very  heavy  and  massive. 

1.449  9 ,  Sho.shoni.     Aged  30  years, — stenocephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  small.  2  mm.;  outer  half  of  orbital  margin  much 
inclined. — Nastl  hemes  26  mm.  long;  frontal  portion  nil ;  maxillopremaxillary  jjor- 
lion  26  mm.;  radix  5  mm.,  40°  ;  salient  21  mm.,  41°.  Nasal  vestibule  macrolophic  ; 
spine  simple,  marked,  spinal  ridge  trenchant  limiting  margin  of  anterior  nasal  aper- 
ture ;  vomer  overriding  incisor-crest.  No  incisor  eminence  or  alveolar  line. 
Septum  markedly  defected  to  the  left. — Hard  palate  parabolic. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  open. — Petrosa  not  infiated.  Sjiinous  process  enormous,  overlapping  sphe- 
noido-tympanic process. — The  temporal  ridge  markedly  interrupted  at  stephanion. 
The  lambdoidal  suture  near  asteiaon,  harmonic.  Malar  bone  without  marginal  pro- 
cess ;  the  bone  not  in  the  very  narrow  sphenomaxillary  fissui'e ;  no  suture-trace. — 
Skull  rests  on  the  conceptacula. — Sconce  110  mm. — Teeth,  excepting  one  molar,  have 
been  lost  posthumously.  The  permanent  canines  and  lateral  incisors  ha^'e  never 
been  erupted.     Two  teeth  are  encysted  in  the  hard  palate  back  of  the  incisor  range. 

The  lambda  occupied  by  a  Wormian  (interparietal)  bone.  The  skull  is  very 
small  and  ovoid,  yet  well  filled.  The  modern  characters  of  this  interesting  skull  are 
everywhere  evident. 

1,837  9,  Moqui.     Aged  60  years, — subglol)ular.     Occiput  artificially  deformed. 

Glabella  none,  supra-orbital  ridge  rudimentary ;  orbital  border  at  outer  half 
scarcely  inclined. — Nasal  bone,  23  nnn.  long ;  frontal  part,  3  mm.  long ;  maxillary 
part  16  mm.;  premaxillary  part  3  mm. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic ;  incisor  emi- 
nence small.  Alveolar  line  tr,enchant,  limiting  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  inferiorly  ; 
alveolus  12  mm. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic  ;  clioana?  with  base  scarcely  broader  than 
apex. — Spinous  foramen  imperfect. — Sphenoido-t>nipanic  fissure  overlapped.  Petrosa 
inflated,  left  most  marked. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  open. — Temporal  ridge 
faint.  Lambdoidal  harmonic  near  asterion. — Malar  bone  marginal  process  none ; 
bone  enters  into  spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  present. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


891 


Lower  Jaw.  Coiulyloid  proct-^.s  ihir'Ii  wider  on  rij-ht  than  It'lt.  wlu-iv  it  is  not 
angiilatfd.  The  left  angle  is  also  the  weaker  and  more  delleeteil.  Spines  doulile 
almost  nil.  no  genial  erest.  The  space  above  the  genial  spines  is  pitted  ;  between 
this  pit  and  the  alveolns  the  boue  is  convex,  thus  forming  an  exceptional  variation 
and  recalling  the  primitive  form  of  the  Ijone.  Teetli  much  worn,  jaws  nearlv 
eilentnlous.  A  characteristic  small  skull.  The  forehead  unusually  convex.  Slight 
artificial  deformation  of  the  parietal  bone  back  of  intertubera. 

1.833  $ ,  Apache.     Pecos  River.  New  Mexico.     Aged  50  years,— archeucephalic. 

Glabella  and  supraorbital  ridge  scarcely  discernible.  Supra-orl)ital  margin 
inclined,  30°. — Nasal  bones  nearly  co-ossified;  frontal  portion  4  mm.;  maxillarv 
portion  21  nnu.  ;  prennxxillary  portion  3  nun.  ;  radix  8  nun.,  80°  ;  salient  19  mm"!. 
•J^'"- — Nasal  vestibule  macrolophic. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic,  left  most  oblique. 
Alveolar  process  11  nun. — Spinous  process  not  overlapping  sphenotNinpanic  fissure. 
— Choan;v  Avider  at  base  than  at  apex. — Petrosa  inflated. — Temporal  crest  without 
break  at  steplianion. — Parieto-tempoi-al  porcellaneous  near  asterion,  harmonic. — 
Malar  1  >one  with  marginal  process  moderate ;  open  in  sphenoido-maxillary  fissui-e ; 
no  suture-trace. — Sconce  lOG  nnn. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion.  Tlie  «ivull  is  modern 
in  appearance,  and  is  unusually  heavy. 

565  S ,  Shasta  Co..  California.^     Aged  30  years, — cymbecephalic. 

Glabella  small.  supra-<jrljital  ridges  faintly  marked,  yet  n^easures  from  ophr\on 
4  nnn..  owing  to  the  receding  type  of  forehead. — Nasal  Ixmes  depressed  at  middle 
tiiird;  frontal  portion  4  mm.;  maxillary  portion  20  mm.;  premaxillary  portion  2 
unn. ;  radix  9  nnn.,  70°;  salient  13  mm.,  40°.,— Nasal  vestibule  analophic;  the 
incisor  eminence  «z7,  alveolar  line  faint ;  the  spine  obtuse. — Hard  palate  parabolic  ; 
choana'  wider  at  Ijase  than  apex.  The  pyramidal  process  small  ;  the  foramen 
lacerum  medium  ol^literated ;  the  spheno-petrosal  fissure  not  overlapped  by  the 
spinous  process ;  the  petrosa  not  inflated. — The  foramen  magnum  small.  General 
appearance  of  the  occipital  bone  irregular,  narrow  and  asymmetrical. — Fi-onto-tem- 
poral  I'idge  faint,  an  enonnous  break  at  stephanion  ;  pari^to-temporal  also  fixint,  l)ut 
posterior  part  heavily  moulded.  Parieto-postsquamosal  suture  diflerentiated  from 
the  parieto-presquamosal.  Serpiginous  poi'tion  of  ectopetrosal  with  numerous  groo\es. 
Most  prominent  part  of  the  occiput  the  large  transverse  occipital  torus. — Sconce  120 
mm. — The  skull  i-ests  on  conceptacula. — Malar  bone  intact  only  on  the  riglit  side. 
No  marginal  process,  bone  enters  into  spheno-maxillary  fissure  ;  suture-trace  present. 
Laclirymal  Ijones  are  small,  synnnetricid. — Hamular  process  uniting  with  maxilla. 
— Middle  turbinals  inflated,  symmetrical.  Bulla  etlimoidalis  rudimental ;  palatal 
bone  in  nasal  chamber  inflated. 

Lower  Jaiu.  Condyloid  jirocess  pifsent  only  on  right ;  it  is  well  worn  on 
lateral  half.     Single  large  genial  spine  and  small  genial   crest.       Mental  foramen 

'  Coliunbia  Univ.  Med.  Dept.      The    left  condyloid   process,    riglit   nminoid  process  mid   tlie 
right  zygomatic  arch  wanting. 

4!)  JOURX.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  X. 


392  CRANIA    FROM    THf]    MOrXDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

opposite  second   pi-enioliir:     aiiule   iiieiirveil.     Sliglit   alveolar  hyperostosis  opposite 
premolar  ami  molar.     Third  molar  in  advance  of  corontjid  ])rocess. 

This  is  a  remarkat)le  skull  in  many  respects.  The  closed  ibi-iimen  lacerum 
medium,  the  level  ])alatal  aspect  of  the  premaxilla,  the  rudimental  incisor  crest,  the 
parabolic  hard  palate  and  the  occiput  at  the  transverse  tcjrus  projecting  Ijevond  the 
inion.  are  all  pa'domorphic  characters.  The  skidl  is  also  very  flat  and  slightly 
artificially  deformed  on  the  left  side  of  the  occiput.  The  absence  of  the  marginal 
process  of  the  malar  bone  and  of  the  vaginal  process  about  base  of  the  styloid 
process  would  denote  the  sex  to  be  female,  yet  the  forehead  is  not  lounded.  and  the 
temporal  fossa  is  unusually  prominently  marked  at  the  stepliani(jn  and  near  the 
lambdoidal  suture. 

566  S,  "•  Diggei',"  California.^     Aged  4-3  years. — archencephalic. 

Glabella  and  suiii'a-orbital  ridge  prominent,  o  mm. ;  outer  half  superior  t)rbital 
margin  inclined  outward  and  downward.  External  angular  process  of  the  frontal 
bone  thickened,  but  this  thickening  is  independent  of  the  supra-ijrbital  ridge. — Fore- 
head ample,  with  metopic  elevation. — Nasal  bones  mutilated,  but  anterior  nasal 
aperture  narrow.  Nasal  vestibule  microlophic ;  incisor  eminence  and  alveolar  line 
almost  m7.  Spine  single,  prominent,  with  lines  extending  into  chamljer  to  incisor 
eminence. — Alveolus  13  mm. — Hai'd  palatt;  hyperbolic.  Alveolar  process  10  mm. — 
Pretorus  present ;  jjyramidal  process  small.  Sphenoidot^jnipanic  fissure  overlapped 
by  spinous  process  on  right  side  only. — Petrosa  moderatel}-  inflated. — Fronto-temporal 
ridge  foint.  Crest  between  it  and  the  parieto-temporal  at  stephanion.  The  posterior 
part  at  lambdoidal  suture  pnmounced  and  heavily  moulded.  Sagitta  carinate. 
Auditory  passage  with  exostosis,  most  marked  on  the  left. — The  malar  bone  with 
large  marginal  process ;  the  bone  enters  spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  the  suture-trace 
present.  In  the  lachrymal  bone  the  hamulo-maxillary  union  present.  The  skidl 
rests  on  the  ojiisthion. — Sconce  92  mm. 

The  /ozaer  jaw  is  massive ;  condyles  mutilated  ;  third  molar  in  advance  of  the 
base  of  coronoid  process ;  the  mental  foramen  between  the  pi-emolars.  Genial 
spine  double  and,  together  with  the  genial  crest,  x'udimentary. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  accept  this  skull  as  a  member  of  the  same  group  with 
No.  565  if  a  similar  contrast  had  not  been  noted  in  the  Shoshoni.  In  the  narrow, 
yet  prognathic  premaxilla  (10  mm.)  a  resemblance  is  seen  between  it  and  the  skull 
just  named,  while  the  general  character  of  the  bone  is  distinct. 

1,835  $,  California.  Presented  by  George  Davidson.  Aged  40  years. — 
stenocephalic. 

Glabella  and   supra-orbital   ridge  very  large,  4   mm. — Nasal  bones  mutilated  ; 

frontal  poi-tion  nil;  bridge  narrowed;  radix   6   nnn.,  80°;    salient   15   mm..  40°, 

slightly  carinate. — Nasal  vestibule  micrcjlophic ;  nasal  eminence  nil;  spine  mutilated ; 

spinal  crest  sharply  limited  with  small  fossa. — Alveolus  18  nnn.  high. — Hard  palate 

'  Coluiiil>ia  Universitj-,  ]\Iedical  Department. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  393 

highly  hyperbolic;  alveolar  process  13  luiu.  high;  external  pterygoid  plate  wide. 
Spinous  foramen  imperfect.  Spinous  process  not  overlapping' spheno-tNiupanic 
suture. — Choan*  very  l)r()ad  at  l)ase. — Malar  hoiw  mutilated,  hut  enters  spheno 
maxillary  suture;  suture-trace  pi-esent. — Lachrymal  bone  co-ossified  with  the 
maxilla  on  both  sides.  Temporal  ridge  marked,  not  interrupted  at  stephanion  ; 
heavily  moulded  posteriorly.  Sagitta  carinated. — Sconce  1I(J  mm.— Skull  rests  on 
opi.sthion  ;  it  is  of  low  grade  if  one  can  judge  by  tlie  narrow  high  occiput.  The 
hyperbolic  hard  palate  and  the  high  alveolar  processes  are  modern  characters. 

1,838  9,  Mare  Island,  California.     Aged  40  years, — suljglobular. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  ?ti7;  outer  half  orbital  margin  scarcely  inclined ; 
forehead  rounded. — Nasal  bones  mutilated,  the  frontal  part  marked,  4  mm.,  bridge 
concave,  moderately  arched. — Nasal  Acstibule  analopliie. — Hard  palate  h3per])olic. 
— Alveolar  process  10°. — Choantv  much  wider  at  Ijase  than  apex. — Foramen  spino- 
sum  im[)erfect  on  left  side.  Foramen  lacerum  medium  open. — Petrosa  moderately 
iuHated  ;  sphenoido-tympanic  suture  not  overlapped  by  the  spinous  i)rocess. — Malar 
bone  with  no  marginal  process ;  bone  entei's  into  sphencnnaxillary  fissure ;  suture- 
trace  present. — Skull  rests  on  conceptacula. — Sconce  122  mm. 

Marked  male,  this  rounded  female  skull  resembles  No.  1,783  of  Moore  series. 
Rudimentary  paramastoids  present.     The  occiput  is  rt)tund. 

1,836  <?,  California.  Presented  by  Wm.  M.  Gabb.  Aged  25  years, — steno- 
cephalic,  platycephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-oi'bital  ridges  prominent,  3  mm. ;  outer  part  of  orbital  mar- 
gin moderately  inclined,  40°. — Nasal  bones,  mutilated,  co-ossified.  Length  of  outer 
margin  29  mm. ;  frontal  4  mm. — Nasal  vestibule  macrolophic ;  incisor  eminence 
small ;  incisor  crest  high  ;  nasal  spine  m7.  Alveolar  line  discernible. — Hard  palate 
parabolic. — Alveolar  process  high. — Petroso-sphenoidal  fissure  overlapped  by  long 
spinous  process.  Small  exosto.ses  in  both  auditory  meatus. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  open,  large.  Scarcel}^  any  parietal  mortise  at  post-squamosa. — Temporal  crest 
marked,  greatly  interru|)ted  at  .stephanion.  A  small  epipteric  on  left  side.  Skull 
rests  on  conceptacula. — Sconce  82  nun.,  niarkedh^  porose*. 

The  skull  closely  resembles  the  foregoing,  but  is  flatter.  The  width  of  sconce 
is  the  narrowest  in  tlive  series.     The  alve6lar  process  is  remarkably  high. 

In  these  Indians  the  glabella  was  small,  measuring  between  2  nnn.  and  3  nun. 
— The  nasal  bones  Avere  large,  measuring  26  mm. ;  the  radix  longest  of  the  series 
being  9  mm.,  and  the  salient,  the  shortest,  14  mm. ;  the  degree  of  the  radix  was  the 
lowest  of  any  of  the  series,  being  73°  ;  while  that  of  the  salient  was  the  highest,  being 
45°. — The  types  of  nasal  vestibule  were  as  follows  :  5  macrolophic,'  11  microlophic, 
and  9  analophic,  thus  differing  conspicuously  from  the  Seminole  and  the  natives  of 
the  Santa  Barbara  Islands. — The  average  height  of  the  alveolus  was  16  mm. 
— The  hvperlx)lic  variation  was  greatly  in  excess  of  the  other  forms  of  the  hard 
palate.  There  were  3  U-shaped  palates,  which  is  novel,  and  5  parabolic. — The 
'  The  California  skulls  were  on  the  border  between  line  maci'olophic  aiurniicrolophic. 


394 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOL'NDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


pivdomorpliio  form  of  choaiuv  is  nluiost  tniual  to  tlie  wide-based  foniu  thus  markedly 
differing  from  hotli  Seminole  and  Santa  Barbara  varieties. — The  foramen  lacerum 
medium  was  closed  in  7  and  open  in  IS  examples. — The  sphenoido-tympanie  suture 
was  not  t)verlapped  by  the  spincnis  process  in  12  (quite  one-half),  both  of  the  aliove 
furnished  good  characters  when  c<mipared  with  those  of  the  other  series. — The 
malar  bone  lacked  the  suture-trace  in  7  examples  as  against  nil  of  the  other  groups. 
Tiie  bone  enters  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure  in  all  Init  0,  and  the  marginal  process 
was  large  in  0. — The  temi)oral  ridge  was  interrupted  in  al)out  half  the  specimens 
and  the  lambdoidal  suture  was  harmonic  near  asterion  in  17.  a  much  larger  propor- 
tion than  in  the  Santa  Barbara  skulls,  liut  al)out  the  same  as  in  the  Florida. — The 
average  width  of  the  sconce  is  the  lowest  of  the  series,  l)eing  l)ut  od  ;  the  maximum 
loU  and  the  minimum  94. — An  unusually  large  number  (12)  of  the  lachrymal  Ijc^nes 
effect  a  junction  between  the  hamular  process  and  the  maxilla.  This  is  a  character 
of  reversion  to  many  lower  primatean  genera.  The  seven  examples  retaining  entire 
lachrymal  bones  showed  an  average  measurement  of  10  mm.  long  by  9  mm.  wide. 
— The  third  molar  of  the  lower  jaw  was  in  advance  of  the  base  of  the  eoronoid 
process  in  four  bones  examined.  The  mental  foramen  was  not  in  advance  of  the 
second  premolar  in  a  single  instance. 

Resume. — Dolicocephalic,  male  4,  female  1. — Mesaticephalic,  male  4,  female  7. — 
Brachycephalic,  male  5,  female  4. — Orthognathous,  male  3,  female  9. — Mesognathous, 
male  7,  female  -3. — Prognathous,  male  o. — Leptorhine,  male  0.  female  -3. — Mesorhine, 
male  6,  female  0. — Platyrhine,  male  2,  female  3, — Mesoseme,  male  1,  female  1. — 
Megaseme,  male  13,  female  11. — Microcephalic,  male  7,  female  9. — Mesocephalic, 
male  1,  female  1. — Megacephalic,  male  5,  female  1.  . 


Measurements,  Table  No.  7. 


1 

Trausverse 
Diameters  of 

9 

Trausverse 

Longitudinal 
■       Arcs. 

o     S 

ti 

% 

^ 

.2 

Cranium.           j 

1 

o 

1 

z 
1 

a 

1 

.1" 

V 

*5 

1 

"S. 

1 

s 
■« 

■5, 

1 

1 

1 
1 

% 
.2f 

i 

a 
£ 

a 

3 

a 
*c 

i 

1 

1 

II 

S.I 

li 

3 
g 

O 

<:> 

w 

Cm 

c 

1 

s 

< 

z 

i 

5 

% 

0 
^- 
1—. 

3 

c 
C 

1 

1 

1. 
I 

i. 

c 
Z 

3 

"3 

% 
C 

% 

I 
1 

J 
1 

C 

u 

1 

< 

1 
1 

<M 

o 

o 

1 

Yakatat,  Alaska  $ 

• 

1 

(Princeton  Col.) 

1450 

182 

185 

123 

90115 

126149 

82 

68 

126  530 

282290  305 

125125 

115 

35  30 

102102  111109 

92 

Sitka,  Alaska,     9 

1 

! 

(Princeton  Col.) 

1235 

166 

166 

125 

92;i01 

115 

145 

87 

75 

130  490 

305  308  320 

120 

110 

105 

35  30 

95 

0 

90    95 

0 

Alaska,  562  $  (Co- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

hmibia  Univ.) 

1470 

168 

169 

132 

92 

04.38 

155 

92 

79 

13.3'  510 

300  330 

340130 

104 

120 

35'35 

98 

90405407 

86 

Assinaboin    659  $ 

1G20 

191 

il92 

130 

97 

108 

133 

148.* 

77 

68 

128  540 

308  310  320430 

125120:36  31 

105 

90  100 

95 

90 

1,230  9 

1280 

175 

|174 

136 

90 

105  119 

1.36;j;  78 

78 

1211492 

280  285  3051120 

105  123  33  27 

100 

90 

95 

95 

95 

Arickaree      949 ' 

1290 

172 

172 

,129 

95 

105  112 

\1^,  75 

75 

125  492 

288,290  300;  120 

120  115  33  2S 

95 

85 

89!  94 

95 

649  $ 

0 

171 

,171 

125 

94 

102  117 

131»i77 

73 

123!  500 

280,285  3001125 

125  100  36  28'  93 

88 

95  102 

!t3 

748  9 

0 

175 

475 

1 

122 

90 

114 

115 

135« 

1  77 

70 

120 

j503 

290 

290 

295 

129 

115 

115 

33 

23 

95 

1 

91 

90 

95 

101 

;)  Bi-parietal. 


.See  Section  III  on  Metopism. 


«  Bi-squamosal. 


CKAXIA   FROM   THE   xMOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 


895 


Measurements,  Table  No.  8. 


Diameters 

Of  Orbit.   i 

Of  External 

Width  j 

Height 

Of 

ot  Face. 

Nose. 

Lower  Jaw, 

Lower  Jaw 

X 

BamuH. 

'.5 

'5 

_ 

g 

& 

0 

^ 

rr: 

^ 

3 

S 

i 

a 
.s 

1 

^2 

1 

s 
= 

1 

1 

3 
1 
< 

o 

"«■ 
'3 

i 
1 

s 

51 

i 

20 

■a 
n 

39 

u 

ill 

1 

i 

s 
o 

n 

.1 

s 

.s 
c. 
S 

& 

i 

f 

'S 

69 

& 

c 
o 

a 
100 

5 

a 

72 

.a 

I 

•.J 

s 
< 

Yakatat, 

S 

149 

103 

25  48 

65 

24 

36 

34 

94 

0 

102 

84 

103 

39 

34 

39 

Sitka, 

? 

0 

0 

21  i43 

0 

0 

36 

31 

86 

46 

20 

43 

0 

0 

0 

85 

0 

0 

0 

90 

49 

28 

562 

$ 

0 

104 

24  154 

56 

22 

41 

38 

93 

55 

21 

38 

0 

0 

0 

100 

34 

32 

43 

99 

65 

39 

65!1 

^ 

142 

103 

25  50 

54 

25 

41 

40 

98 

55 

28 

51 

113 

102 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,230 

9 

125 

95 

0!42 

55 

15 

35 

35 

100 

50 

26 

52 

105 

95 

0 

0 

26 

25 

50 

0 

56 

0 

949 

124 

89 

Ol41 

51 

0 

36 

35 

97 

50 

26 

52 

100 

93 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

649 

S 

124 

90 

25  46 

52 

20 

35 

30 

86 

45 

23 

51 

103 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

748  9 

127 

97 

is;  41 

4Y 

23 

37 

35 

95 

48 

24 

50 

103 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Measurements,  Table  No.  9. 


• 

="  c 

Trausvei-se 
Diameters  of 

S 

Transvei-se 
Arcs. 

Longitudinal 
Arcs. 

3   3 

! 

i 

S 

iS 

V 

Crauium. 

a 
£ 

£  S 

J 

s 

S 

f 

1 

1 

M 

o 

1 

I 
f 

1 

1 

S 

1 

'5 

.1 

j 

B. 
1 

II 

11 
1" 

o 
>^ 

■c 
s 

*3 

a 

o 
a 

E 
s 

•g 

■  3 

.2 
S 

3 

3 

i 

(5 

5 

3 

"2 

.Si 

s 

be 

1 

"a 

5 

S 

s 

130 

1 
118 

3 

1 

110 

i, 

32 

t 

a 
1 

3 

106 

J 

.s 

.! 

95 

1 

3 

1 
1 

100 

3 

k 

a 
1 
5 

1 
1 

o 

1 

Naas    213 

9 

1490186  186135 

89  113 

1 

137146 

78 

73 

128 

530 

292 

298J300 

94;  95 

214 

^ 

1275  175  175128 

87  107:130  134.* 

77 

73 

0 

496 

275 

278:290 

118 

11811035 

26 

100 

93 

98 

98,  95 

Chinook  457 

V 

1365170  172  130 

91  1109129  144*1  85 

76 

125 

500 

300 

305325 

125 

125110 

30 

33 

100 

94 

102 

102j  92 

578 

.T 

1190169109 

133 

90  103 

119137:*  181 

79 

120 

490 

285 

29(i;300 

125 

120'l05 

32 

30 

.96 

87 

94 

98  92 

Pawnee  557 

9 

1135163163 

118 

85  109 

105101* 

62 

72 

108 

475 

260 

275 

282 

115 

105  120 

31 

27 

89 

89 

89 

89 

89 

556 

X 

1425:172,173 

123 

97  109 

1171152 

88 

71 

127 

513 

300 

310 

318 

120 

95120 

35 

28 

106 

92 

104 

98 

98 

"   1,043 

X 

1195181181 

124 

90 

104 

120  125 

69 

68 

120 

502 

270 

272 

285 

120 

110-  98 

38 

35 

100 

94 

99 

99 

95 

540 

9 

1250  166  166 

123 

95 

1 

105 

124 139 

84 

74 

125 

485 

280:285 

1 

300 

115'110:i03 

1   1 

32 

26 

99 

90 

97 

98 

93 

a  Bi-squamosal. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


Measuremexts,  Table  No.  10. 


Diameters 
of  Face. 

Of  Orbit. 

Of  External 
1        Nose. 

1  Malar  Lines. 

1 

Width          Heiglit 
Lower  Jaw  Lower  Jaw 

Of 
Ramus. 

i 

t 

_2 

5 

3 

m 

= 

i 

s 

a 
JB 
2 

1 
1 

6 

.a 

i 

a 
.s 

O 

1 

1 

o 

■s 

a 

1 

(4-1 

.a 

u 

J 

a 

1 
> 

o 

'5 

33 

5 

.Si- 
's 

u 
'S 

X 

34 

5 
3 

23 

u 

•— < 

67 

ft 

s  — 

z 

i 
1 

S 

s 

1 

.a 
■1 

C 

1 

■3 
1 
6 

"E 
.1 

B 

0 

2 
'33 

a 
0 

♦3 

1 

i 

s 

213  9 

149 

105 

27 

50 

65 

23 

37 

34 

92 

115 

105 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

214^ 

138 

105 

27 

56 

60 

17 

35 

34 

97 

50 

25 

50 

108 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

457  9 

135 

98 

20 

49 

55 

21 

41 

39 

95 

49 

25 

51 

110 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

578^ 

0 

90 

20 

45 

47 

17 

35 

33 

94 

46 

23 

50 

108 

92 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

00 

557. 9 

106 

93 

19 

44 

49 

20 

35 

35 

100 

50 

22 

44 

95 

85 

117 

102 

31 

20 

36 

95 

55 

30 

55(1^ 

138 

104 

25 

54 

56 

21  1 

36 

36 

100 

55 

26 

47 

108 

97 

123 

105 

35 

26 

44 

91 

55 

37 

1,043  i 

0 

101 

25 

47  1 

50 

21  j 

35 

35 

100 

47  1 

26 

00 

0 

92 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

540  9 

0 

96 

25 

«| 

'\ 

16  1 

36  [ 

35 

97 

48  1 

26 

54 

108 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Measurements,  Table   No.  11. 


s 

9 
z 


S 

o 


Shoshoni 1,447  9 

Shoshoni 1,448  S 

Bho.«honi 1,449  9 

Moqui 1,837  9 

Apache 1,833  $ 

Shasta  Co.,  Cal 565  ,? 

Aroj-o  Grande,  Cal  566  S 

California 1,835  S 

Mare  Wand,  Cal.  1,838  9 
California 1,836  $ 


1255173 
(1565183 
|1165162 
1100161 

1260{  0 
1200179 


1540 
1325 
1150 


183 
181 
150 


1175175 


Aver. 


1267,177 


Transverse 

Diameters  of 

Cranium. 


1731201  91 

111 

83 
90 
95 


183 
162 
161 
175 

182 
187 

182 
0 

178 


175 


142 
127 
128 
132 
116 
129 
130 
127 
116 


127 


90 
91 
88 
90 


2| 

.5  © 


s 

5 


a  :  'Z 


Transverse     Longitudinal 
Arcs.  Arcs. 


92 


109125 

114128 

1001119 

99  115 

99I123 

105117 

109  125 

110|l25 

98,112 

108116 


10612: 


130« 

149 

121 

129 

139 

130;> 

139^} 

131j9 

125 
130 


135 


to 

81 
75 
80 
0 
73 
76 
72 
83 
74 


69  115 

77  137 

78  115 
79:120 

0  124 

65  118 

70  130 
72  120 
85|115 

66  1122 


78 


73 


123 


49-2  255 
540  325 
465  265 
475  ^287 
510  305 
505  250 
515  280 
510  1270 
468  ,265 


275275110 

328'335  134 

271 

290 

.308 

275 

315 


285  115 
295  120 
310135 
300  110 
330  130 


282|309  120 
268  285110 
495^275  270  293,118 


501  1284  292 


110  120 
125  123 
105  115 
100110 
120  117 
120  120 
110  130 
130  120 
100  120 
110  115 


£  - 
o  j; 


.a 

■6 


35:28 
35'27 
36  30 


36127 
3530 
.3531 


304  122  114115  34 


98  92 

106'  98 

94186 

93:85 

102|71 

93'  91 

105i  93 

103,  97 

92:82 

96:88 


102104 


96 
91 
50 

88 


I 


91 

97 

54: 

86 

104'112! 

104i  991 

107104 

60  65136 

99  103  89 


90 
102 
94 
170 
81 
88 
89 
91 


29  98,  90  1  95  95 


97 


p  Bi-parietal. 


s  Bi-squamosal. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 
Measuee-mexts,  Table  No.  12. 


3Ui 


Diameters 
of  Face. 

Of  Orbit. 

Of  External 
Xose. 

Malar  Lines. 

Width         Ilei^lit 
Lower  Jaw  Ix)wer  Jaw 

ji 

Of 

Bamua. 

o 

s 

1      '  £ 

JZ^ 

=      '  s 

U 

T 

s      '  z 

^ 

1 

J2 

r 

1 

i    i  ^ 

i 

JS 

s 

r 

3 

3 

5 
i 

"a; 
E 

,s 

hi 

I 

B 

1 

C 

w 

<*- 

z 

< 

*^ 
'S 

1 

■5 

M 

B 

1 

.B 

s 

'5 

Binialar  Line, 
calipers. 

i 

B 

1 

.1 

B 

a 

'0 

0. 

■3 

s 

1 

•i 
s 

'a 

0 

NT" 

0 

X 

I 

a 

1,447  9 

128 

96 

26 

43 

0 

19 

37 

35 

95 

44 

24 

54 

108 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,448  ^ 

0 

110 

26 

49 

0 

24 

39 

36 

92 

51 

24 

47 

118 

106 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,449  9 

122 

92 

22 

44 

45 

17 

34 

32 

94 

49 

25 

51 

98 

89 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,837  9 

123 

95 

20 

42 

50 

15 

35    34 

97 

46 

22 

48 

100 

92 

74 

90 

26 

0 

45 

86 

57 

30 

1,883  $ 

128 

90 

26 

47 

53 

17 

38    35 

92 

51 

28 

55 

110 

101 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

505   $ 

0 

92    25 

46 

50 

20 

35    33 

94 

50 

24 

48- 

103 

96 

0 

77 

31 

27 

35 

84 

62 

32 

506  ^ 

144 

105  i  25 

51 

54 

22 

39!  35 

90 

51 

23 

45 

112 

105 

0 

94 

33 

29 

43 

94 

75 

35 

1,835  ^ 

0 

0 

24 

0 

0 

25 

37 

41 

HI 

49 

25 

51 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,838  9 

0 

93 

21 

40 

43 

16 

35 

32 

91 

45 

20 

44 

100 

90 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,836  3" 

0 
131 

100 

25 

52 

50 

20 

37 

36 

97 

52 

24 

46 

108 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
61 

0 

Aver. 

98 

24 

47 

53 

20 

37 

35 

95 

49    24 

49 

106 

97 

99 

94 

31 

27 

46 

92 

34 

Measu 

RE.MI 

:nts,  Tab 

LE  No.   13 

I 

1 


Yakatat  (Princeton  Col.).  $ 

Sitka  (Princeton  Col.) 9 

Alaska  (Col.  Univ.).  562  $ 

Assinaboin 659  S 

1,230  9 

Arickaree' 949 

649  S 

748  9 

Naas 213  9 

"    214  S 

Chinook 578  $ 

457  9 

Chiinakuni 987 

Pawnee  (Col.  Univ.)  557  9 
"       556  S 

1,043  S 

540  9 

Shoshoni    1,447  9 

1,448  $ 

1,449   9 

Moqui 1,837  9 

Apache 1,833  S 

California 565  S 

560  S 

1,835  S 

"        1,838  9 

"       1,836  S 


85 
80 
85 
94 
79 

75 

84 
90 
77 
76 
75 
95 
53 
72 
80 
79 


55 

0 
58 
62 
59 

57 

56 
65 
61 
62 
60 
60 
47 
61 
57 
58 


76  1  63 


Aver. 


76 
79 
79 
83 
84 
87 
80 
77 
80 


80 


65 
60 
55 
60 
49 
65 
63 
54 
53 


45 
0 
46 
27 
25 

45 
44 
42 
41 
41 
45 
41 
48 
48 
40 
45 
44 
47 


s 

s 

s 

c 

> 


114 
110 
135 
1.13 
113 

112 
112 
119 
112 
117 
115 
115 
105 
111 
110 
109 
1*5 
128 


59 


45 

110 

44 

113 

49 

117 

40 

106 

47 

125 

47 

112 

40 

109 

44 

107 

43 

114 

82 
70 
83 

77 
74 

68 
70 
95 
79 
78 
73 
75 
0 
82 
69 
82 
69 
85 
71 
75 


c 


80 
65 

85 
86 

77 

83 
70 
92 
81 
80 
76 
82 
75 
75 
73 
77 
78 
85 
83 
74 


70  84 


68 
80 
76 
66 
67 


75 


75 

84 
83 

81 
78 


79 


50 
41 
42 
51 
47 

43 

46 
58 
47 
48 
46 
48 
40 
42 
48 
44 
41 
49 
40 
40 
43 
45 
52 
51 
42 
46 


46 


108 
93 
100 
105 
105 

97 

90 
109 
103 
103 
102 

97 
105 
100 
100 
103 

96 
103 
105 
100 
106 

90 
106 
103 

93 

99 


101 


36 
31 
33 
29 
29 

25 
25 
40 
31 
32 
29 
27 
27 
31 
29 
26 
24 
30 
25 
29 
29 
29 
27 
30 
27 
26 


30 


41 
35 
35 
37 

28 

36 
32 
41 
40 
40 
40 
35 
40 
39 
30 
35 
37 
44 
35 
38 
36 
41 
38 
40 
34 
41 


37 


rt 

ti 

i 

B 

,2 

S 

•s 

£ 

» 

60 

29 

0 

24 

62 

25 

59 

29 

50 

25 

57 

23 

52 

26 

57 

25 

53 

26 

52 

23 

60 

22 

51 

25 

50 

23 

58 

29 

52 

25 

53 

22 

67 

20 

58 

0 

49 

0 

50 

22 

48 

25 

60 

'22 

53 

2.3 

59 

26 

50 

21 

50 

0 

55 

24 

13 
12 
14 
14 
12 


I 


e. 


15 
17 
11 
15 
15 


13  i  17 

12  i  15 

13  -  16 

14  1  14 


14 
12 
12 
16 
14 
12 
12 


15 
11 
8 
16 
15 
28 
11 


11  I  46 
14  I  0 

0  I  0 

12  !  15 
14  i  17 

11  16 

12  1  14 
14  12 
12  13 
14   0 


13 


16 


u 
o 

3 


a. 
■« 

S 


15 
19 
12 
21 
18 

18 
20 
18 
15 
18 
18 
16 
20 
21 
16 
16 
15 

0 

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TTT  f\i\  Affitni^iftni 


398  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

(c)  Desckiptiox  of  Skulls  Collected  ox  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  The 
skulls  collected  from  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands  of!"  the  .southern  part  of  the  coast 
of  California  have  been  carefully  studied  by  L.  Carr  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
(Wheeler).  1870,  277).  who  analyzed  olO  examples  ;  178  of  these  were  male  and  lo7 
were  female. 

This  group  is  well  Avorthy  of  being  seiKirately  considered.  It  is  higldy  proba- 
ble that  the  people  were  insulated  for  a  time  sufficient  to  have  actjuired  some 
distinctive  peculiarities,  though  their  relationship  to  the  mainland  tribes  is  exact. 

1,818  '  I?,  aged  45  years. — .stenocephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  prominent,  3  mm.  The  supra-orbital  margin 
inclined  40°. — Nasal  bone  24  mm.  ;^  frontal  part  almost  nz7 ;  radix  4  nun..  90°; 
salient  17  mm.,  30°. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic ;  nasal  spine  pa^domorphic,  with 
sharp  spinal  crest.  Alveolus  small. — Choanai  pa^domorplnc. — Foramen  lacerum 
medium  open. — Petroso-sphenoidal  suture  not  overlapped. — Sagitta  at  post-bregina 
carinated. — Malar  bone  with  marginal  process  almost  m'/ ;  not  in  spheno-maxil- 
lary  fissure;  suture-trace  present. — Sconce  110  mm. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion. 
It  retains  paroccipital  processes  12  mm.  on  right,  0  mm.  on  left. — It  bears  a  close 
resemblance  to  skulls  from  the  South  seas.- 

Lower Jaw.  Genial  spine  double,  crest  nil ;  lemurine  process  present;  inner 
half  condyloid  process  inclined. 

1,823  ^,  aged  40  years, — archencephalic ;  high  and  narroAv. 

Glabella  and  suj^ra-orbital  ridges,  4  mm. ;  superior  orljital  border  scarcely)- 
inclined,  40  mm. — Nasal  bone  23  mm.  long;  fiat  very  low  arch;  frontal  portion,  2 
mm.  long;  maxillary  17  mm. ;  premaxillary  4  mm. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic. 
— Hard  palate  hyperbolic,  alveolar  height  12  mm. — Sphenoido-tympanic  suture  not 
overlapped. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  almost  closed  ;  petrosa  not  inflated. — Skull 
rests  on  opisthion. ^Sconce  122  mm. — Lambdoidal  suture  serrated  througlujut. 
Phaenozgomous. — Malar  bone  small,  20  mm.  wide ;  marginal  pi'ocess  small ;  not  in 
spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  present.  Lachrymal  bones  absent ;  ossa 
plana  small.^ — Conspicuous  ethmoidal  bulla. 

The  resemblance  already  noted  between  some  Santa  Barbara  skulls  and  the 
Polynesian  tyjie  is  conspicuous. in  this  example.  The  nasal  sahent  unusually  low 
20°. 

1,822  9,  aged  00  years, — c^nnbecephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  rudimental ;  outer  part  superior  orbital  margin 
scarcely  inclined,  40°.  Nasal  bones  flat;  radix  6  mm.,  90°. — Nasal  vestibule 
microlophic  ;  incisor  eminence  and  alveolar  line  trenchant. — Haiti  palate  paralx)lic  ; 
choanoB  widely  divergent;  sphenoido-tympanic  suture  not  overlapped. — Petrosa 
inflated. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  scarcely  open. — Temporal  crest  rudimental ; 
parieto  sphenoidal  suture  small  10  nun.     Lambdoidal  suture    serrate  at  asterion ; 

'  All  the  specimens  examined  are  in  the  museum  of  the  Acailemy. 
L.  Carr  (1.  e.)  notes  the  Santa  Barbara  skulls  to  be  "  i^of-shaped  along  the  sagittal  suture." 


CRANIA    FROM    THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA.  80!) 

large  parietal  foramen  on  right  8ide.     Interior  of  na^al  olnunl)er  with  large  trans- 
vei-.se  uncinate  process  and  ethmoidal  l)ulla.     Middle  turhinal  laminate. 

1,826  ^,  aged  40  years, — angularly  oblong. 

Glal^ella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  faintly  expressed ;  superior  orl)ital  border 
scarcely  inclined.  40°. — Nasal  bones  coossitied ;  I)road  low  arch,  frontal  part  small, 
2  mm.,  rest  mutilated. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic ;  alveolus  13  mm. — Hard  palate 
parabolic;  alveolar  process  15  nun. — Choanal  remarkably  broad  at  base  25  mm. 
— Foramen  lacerum  medium  closed. — Sphenoido-tympanic  suture  not  overlapped. — 
Petrosa  inflated  ;  malar  bone  narrow,  20  mm. ;  small  marginal  process  ;  bone  enters 
fissure ;  suture-trace  jiresent. — Hamular  process  of  lachrymal  bone  joining  maxilla. 
Mortise  at  post-squamosa.  ^ 

Lower  Ja-dJ.  Lenuirine  process  faintly  marked  and  scarcely  deflected.  Cond}-- 
.  loid  process  worn  on  outer  half,  inflated,  scarcely  inclined  on  inner  half.  Mental  fora- 
men on  line  of  second  premolar.  Spines  double,  crest  nil.  Ui)per  molars  4-3-1  ; 
lower  molars  ;  1°.  Skull  rests  on  opisthion ;  phfenozygomous.  A  light  form  but 
again  recalling  the  South  Sea  type. 

1,817  ^,  aged  40  years, — platyce^jhalic ;  angularly  oblong. 

Glabella  over  supraorbital  ridges  fiiintly  expressed.  Superior  orbital  margin 
slightly  inclined,  20°. — Nasal  bones  long,  22  mm.,  low  arch.  Fnmtal  portion  long, 
15  mm.,  remainder  of  bone  20  mm.;  radix  0  mm.,  00°;  salient  12  mm.,  40°. — 
Nasal  vestibule  analophic  ;  spine  simple,  acute  with  spinal  ridge.  Alveolus  20  nnn. 
— Hard  palate  paraljolic,  14  mm.  higji ;  choana?  subonal ;  petroso-sphenoidal  fissure 
not  overlapped. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  not  opened  on  left,  scarcely  open  on 
right. — Lachrymal  Ijone  small  with  rudimental  hamular  process  and  crest. — Malar 
bone  with  small  marginal  process,  narrow,  10  mm. ;  suture-trace  present.  Phajnozy- 
gomous. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion. — Sconce  124  mm. 

Lower  Jaw.  Third  molar  scarcely  in  advance  of  coronoid.  Condyloid  moder- 
ately inclined,  facets  fiiintly  ex^wessed  ;  spine  double,  rudimental,  ci'est  nil.  Mental 
foramen  on  line  with  second  premolar. — Teeth,  upper  molars  4-3-3  ;  lower  molars 


2  2   20 
2  2  2- 


1,825  ■?,  aged  40  years, — angularly  oblong. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  large,  3  mm. ;  superior  orbital  margin  inclined. 
40  nnn. — Nasal  bone  23  mm. ;  maxillary  portion  18  mm. ;  premaxillary  portion 
4  mm. ;  radix  5  mm.,  70°  ;  salient  12  mm.,  20°.  All  parts  of  nasal  vestibule 
analophic ;  spine  conspicuous  and  single,  a  ridge  extends  to  it  fi-om  the  incisor 
eminence. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic  ;  alveolar  process  20  nmi.  Choanal  with  parallel 
sides  and  l)ase  wider  than  apex. — Spheno-vomerine  union  thickened. — Spiienoido- 
tvmpanic  suture  not  overlapped. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  small,  almost  closed 
on  right  side. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion;  phfenozygomous. — Sconce  114  mm. — An 
enormous  transverse  occipital  torus.     Lambdoidal  suture  harmonic  near  asterion ; 

50  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  X. 


400  CRANIA     FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA, 

•  .  ■ 

mortise  at  post-squamosa ;  .squamosa  40  mm.  hiuli  ;  sauitta  carinatc. — Small  lachry- 
mal hone,  hamular  j)rocess  unitiiiji  with  maxilla;  small  posterior  marginal  process, 
OS  planum  8  mm.  high. 

Lower  Jaw.  Angle  slightly  deflected;  condyloid  process  angulat^d  ;  third 
uiolar  in  advance  of  the  coronoid  process.  Spine  prominent,  crest  nil.  Mental 
foramen  on  line  of  second  premolar.  A  powerful  form  of  jaw.  The  entire  skull 
massive  and  recalling  forcihly  the  South  Sea  type.  Upper  molars  4-4-3 ;  lower 
molars  o°i°i 

1,815  9,  aged  35  years, — cymhecephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges  nil.  Superior  orbital  margin  slightly  inclined, 
40°. — Nasal  bone  broad  low  arch,  dep|^ssed  radix  5  mm..  90°  ;  salient  13  miji..  50°. 
Nasal  vestibule  microlophic  without  classifiable  characters ;  incisor  eminence  high, 
alveolar  line  faint,  obscuring  small  fossa. — Hard  palate  scarcely  parabolic,  shallow, 
11  mm. — Sphenoido-tympanic  fissure  not  overlapped  by  the  spinous  procvss. — 
Petrosa  not  inflated. — Sides  of  choanae  greatly  inclined,  80°  ;  wider  at  ba.se  than 
apex. — Lambdoidal  suture  serrate  near  asterion. — Malar  bone  with  small  marginal 
process ;  enters  spheno-maxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  ]iresent.  Bone  narrow  for- 
ward.— The  hanmlar  process  of  the  lachrymal  bone  joins  the  maxilla. — Skull  rests 
on  opisthion  ;    phamozygomous. — Sconce  110  mm. 

1,819  ^,  aged  45  years, — archencephalic ;  oval,  well  filled. 

Glabella  with  trace  of  metopism,  supra-orbital  ridge  very  large,  3  mm. — )itisal 
bones  25  mm. ;  frontal  part  2  mm. ;  bridge  low  ;  radix  (3  mm.,  90°  ;  salient  16  nnn., 
20°. — Nasal  vestibule  microlophic;  incisor  eminence  and  spinal  crest  rudimentary; 
alveolar  sHm,  line  discernible. — Hard  palate  parabolic,  alveolar  process  15  mm. ; 
choana'  pa^domorphic ;  pyramidal  process  produced ;  ])etroso-sphenoidal  fissure 
greatly  overlapped. — Petrosum  on  left  side  inflated. — Post-bregma  carinate,  bregma 
elevated. — Temporal  impression  nnirkedly  developed.  Lambdoidal  suture  .serrate 
near  asterion. — Malar  bone  small,  20  mm.  wide  at  narrowest  part.  Innei-  surface 
Avith  suture-trace  ;  marginal  process  conspicuous ;  bone  does  not  enter  into  spheno- 
maxillary fissure.      Skull  rests  on  conceptacula ;   phajnozygomous. 

Glaljella  and  supra^jrhital  ridge  conspicuous,  especially  at  the  beginning  of 
the  last  named,  but  the  actual  projection  of  the  first  named  small.  The  prominence 
on  the  malar  bone  extraordinarily  developed.  The  nasal  salient  of  remarkably  low 
degree,  20°.     The  parieto-sphenoidal  suture  but  5  mm.  long. 

1,824  ^.  iiged  45  years, — archencephalic. 

Glabella  and  supraorbital  ridge  moderate ;  superior  orbital  margin  greatly 
inclined,  30° — Na^^d  bones  asymmetrical,  broad  9  mm.,  long  20  nnn.  ;  frontal  por- 
tion 2  mm.;  maxillary  portion  15  nnn.;  premaxillary  portion  6  nnn. — Nasal  vestibule 
analophic  ;  incisor  eminence  moderate  ;  spine  and  spinal  line  w  ell  defined  ;  alveolar 
line  nil ;  alveolus  moderate,  14  nnn. — Hard  palate  hyperbolic,  alveolar  height  20 


CRANLV    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  401 

111111 ;  choaiuv  pa'doinorphic— Sphoiiuiilo-tviiiimiiio  suture  scarcely  (ivi-rlappcd. F(.ra- 

iiicu  laceruin  niediuin  scarcely  open.— Temporal  crest  weak,  parieto-spheiioidal 
suture  obliterated.— Skull  rests  on  conceptacula.— Sconce  104  iniii.— Malar  without 
niarsrinal  process ;  not  in  sphenomaxillary  iissures ;  suture-trace  present.— Lachry- 
mal bone  rudimental.— MidiUe  turbinals  laminate.— Rudimeiital  paroccipital 
pi*ocesses. 

L81G   9.  aged  ^o  years, — eurycei)halic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  vid'^ji  faint.  Nasal  hones  broad  depressed,  mutilated  ; 
frontal  portion  m7. — Nasal  vestibule  analophic;  alveolus  high,  22  mm. — Hard  i>alate 
hyperbolic;  alveolar  process  15  mm.;  choaiiie  with  base  wider  than  apex. — Sphe- 
iioido-t^inpanic  suture  not  overlapped  by  tl^e  spinous  process.  Foramen  lacerum 
medium  cbsed  laterally. — Temiioral  ridge  not  interrupted  at  stei)haiiion  ;  lainb- 
doidal  suture  harmonic  near  asterion.      Skull  rests  on  conceptacula. 

Loiuer  Jaw.  Condyloid  process  much  angulated,  lateral  facet  much  worn. 
Coronoid  process  not  concealing  third  molar ;  mental  ibramen  on  line  of  the  second 
premolar;  genial  spine  single  pi-ominent;  genial  crest  almost  nil.  set  in  a  fossa. 
Upper  molars  4-8-0  ;   lower  molars  0  If. 


1.S20  9,  aged  35  years, — cymbecephalic. 

(ilabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  faint;  superior  orbital  border  slightly  inclined, 
■40°. — Nasal  bone  26  mm.  long;  frontal  portion  2  mm.;  maxillary  portion  20  mm.; 
premaxillary  portion  2  mm.;  radix  7  mm.,  80°;  salient  10  mm.,  50°,  low  arch, 
asymmetrical.  Nasal  vestibule  analophic;  alveolus  18  mm. — Hard  palate  hyper- 
bolic ;  alveolar  process  12  nnn. — Sphenoido-tymjianic  suture  not  overlajiped. — Petrosa 
moderately  intlated. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  scarcely  defined. — Lachrymal  Iwnes 
rudimental.  Hamular  process  not  touching  the  maxilla. — Malar  bone  with  small 
marginal  process ;  bone  enters  sphemj-maxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  present. — 
Parieto-sphenoid  junction  small,  10°. — Small  mortise. — Sconce  118  mm. — Skull  rests 
on  opistliion.  Phamozygomous.  The  nasal  bone  creeps  in  a  little  between  the 
ascending  process  of  the  maxilla  and  the  frontal  bone.  This  is  a  character  of  Cer- 
copithecus.  Right  side  of  occiput  with  large  exostosis.  Small  transverse  occipital 
torus  present. 

1.821  ^ ,  aged  40  years', — archencephalic. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  moderate,  3  mm. ;  superior  orbital  nifirgin 
much  inclined,  50°. — Nasal  bone  high  arched.  Frontal  portion  2  mm.  long;  max- 
illar}-  portion  16  mm.;  radix  o  mm.,  90°;  salient  mutilated.  Nasal  vestilaile 
microlophic,  with  ridge  extending  forward  from  incisor  eminence. — Hard  palate 
hyperbolic;  alveolar  process.  17  mm. — Foramen  lacerum  medium  almost  closed; 
petrososphenoidal  fissure  greatly  overlapped.  Malar  small,  ft  mm.  wide  with 
large  tuberosity ;  marginal  pi'ocess  enormous.  The  bone  does  not  enter  into  the 
sphenomaxillary  fissure ;  suture-trace  present ;  external  sui'face  at  beginning  of 
bipartite  suture  evident.     Skull  rests  on  opistliion. 


4i)-I  (KAMA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

A  Woniiiaii  hone  lies  in  asterion  on  Itotli  si(U's :  exostoses  in  Imtli  anditorv 
iiieati ;  lamlxloiilal  sntuiv  oecuiiicd  liv  numerous  coarse  Woi'niians.  like  No.  l.TS'.l, 
Moore  series.  Ti'ace  of  niet()i)ic  suture  just  aliove  nasion.  .Sli,i;'ht  exostosis  on 
either  siile  of  tile  oeeipital  hone  near  i'oranien  uuigiuun. — SnuiU  ])an)ceii)ital  processes 
present. 

In  these  twelvi'  skulls  from  the  Santa  Bai'hara  Islands  v'vAit  were  male  and 
I'our  fenuile. — The  t^lahella  and  su]ira-orhital  ridue  are  of  moijerate  de\elopnient. 
till-  ma.ximum  h^'iiin  4  mm.,  si.x  heini:  ir//.  and  an  a\"era.<:e  of  six  specimens  hein,u  a 
little  over  •'!  mm.  The  degree  of  inclination  of  the  supru-orhital  mar!.;in  is  about 
4<l''. — The  a\"ei'a,L;e  of  the  sizes  of  the  misal  hone,  measured  from  without,  are  frontal 
portion  '2  nnn..  maxillary  part  Hi  nun.,  and  the  ])renutxillary  part  4  miu-  Tin- 
U'niith  of  the  I'adix  is  (i  mm.,  heinu  suudler  than  in  any  other  series. ^\vhile  the 
salient  is  the  same  as  in  the  Semiuoles.  but  Ioniser  than  in  the  western  continental 
tribes. — The  nasal  vestibule  sIiouhhI  no  exam])le  which  was  macrolopliic ;  five 
weri'  microlophic.  and  seven  were  analophic  (some  of  the  last  named  were  transi- 
tional forms  to  the  second),  thus  demonstratin^ii'  a  lower  Ibi'iii  ol'  the  parts  as  com- 
pared with  tlu'  other  _i:roups.  Thi'ee  retained  a  small  so-called  ])renasal  fossa. — The 
aheolus  was  17  mm.  high,  being  thus  higher  than  in  the  Seminoles. — The  shape  oi' 
the  hard  palate  was  noti'd  in  eleven  exain[)les.  ten  oi'  these  were  liypei'ljolic  ami 
one  parabolic.  The  same  proportions  oljtaiii  in  the  Seminoles. — The  shapes  of  the 
choan;i>  are  also  the  same  :  four  \\  liicli  are  pa'domorphic  and  se\'en  ^vliicli  ai'e 
br()a<ler  at  the  liase  than  at  the  a])ex. — The  foramen  hu'erum  medium  is  remarkable 
for  l)eiiig  closed  in  two.  nearly  closed  in  si.x  and  distinctly  o^jeii  in  three  only. — 
The  spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone  is  also  strikingly  diflereiit  from  this  i)ro- 
cess  in  the  other  gr(.)in)s.  since  it  ox'erlaps  the  splieiioido-tympanic  fissure  in  two 
iiist;inces  only. — .Ml  the  malar  bones  [lossess  a  sutui'e-trace  on  the  posterior  surface. 
The  bone  enters  into  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure  in  live  e.xami)les.  The  marginal 
process  is  large  in  two  specimens  only. — The  temp>oral  ridge  is  interrupted  at  the 
stc[)lianioii  in  two  examples.  The  lambdoidal  suture  near  the  asterion  is  harmonic 
in  three  inst;inces, — The  sconce  had  a  minimum  width  oi'  Hl4  mm.,  a  maximum 
width  of  lotl  mm.,  and  an  avei'age  of  117  mm. — The  laclir_\nial  bone  is  small  in 
all  (14  mm.  x  S  mm.),  and  absent  in  two:  it  joins  the  maxilla  by  the  hamular 
pi'ocess  in  three  instances  only. — In  no  e.xam])le  oi'  the  lowei'  jaw  did  the  third 
molai'  lie  back  oi'  the  anterior  contour  of  the  l)ase  of  the  corouoid  proci'ss.  The 
mental  foramen  was  nevei'  in  advance  of  the  second  premolar,  thus  presenting  a 
contrast  to  the  Si'iuinoles.      The  condyloid  proct'ss  was  faceted  in  all  examples. 

Resii7uc. — Dolitdiocephalic.  male  two.  i'emale  one. — Mesatice])lialic.  male  one. 
i'emale  six. —  Hrachycephalic.  male  one. — Ortliognathous.  male  two. — Mesognathous. 
male  li\e.  I'emale  tjt'o. — Prognathous,  male  t^vo.  i'emale  one. — Lcptorhine.  male  live.' 
i'emale  one. — MesorhiiU'.  male  two.  female  three.  —  Platyrhine.  male  two. — Meso- 
s.'iiie.  male  two. — Megaseme.  male  se^eii.  i'emale  two. — Microce[»halic.  male  three, 
female  three.  —  .Mesocephalic.  male  i'our.  i'emale  one. — Megaceplialic.  male  one. 
I.,  ('an-  ■  1.  c    tViiin  a  iariicr  luinilur  fdiuid  tlu'  "  nasal  (ipi'iiiiiL:  "  nf  nic-iliuni  size. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


403 


III. — MeTOI'IS.M. 

The  liict  thiit  spt'ciiiK'ii  No.  1,781  presents  a  persistent  iiiterfVoiitiil  suture  lead.s 
to  a  comparison  with  otlier  specimens  of  skulls  of  North  American  Indians  slunving 
a  like  peculiarity.  Authorities  agree  that  this  suture  is  extremely  rare  in  the  skulls 
of  modern  savages.  Rolleston  (British  Barrows,  1877,  69-1)  refers  to  the  examples 
known  to  him  at  this  time,  one  of  an  Andaman  Islander  (W(X)d  Mason),  one  oi  an 
Abyssinian  (Zuckerkandl),  one  from  an  ancient  burial  place  in  Eastern  Tennessee 
(Busk).  From  among  four  hundred  and  sixteen  North  American  crania  examined 
by  myself,  but  three  examples  (No.  929  Arickaree,  No.  730  Seminole,  No.  1,264 
Lenape)  retained  the  suture.'  and  in  all  the  specirnois  no  artificial  defonnation 
existed. - 

In  marked  contrast  with  the  al)ove  the  suture  is  much  more  common  in  the 
criminal  of  modern  Europe.  Ferraz  (Arch.  d.  Psichi.  e  d'Anthrop.  crimiuale,  Torino, 
1889)  claims  that  in  ci'iminals  the  persistent  interfrontal  suture  is  found  in  11  \ier 
cent  of  the  males  and  in  9  per  cent  of  the  females ;  yet  Ottolenghi  and  Roncoi-oni 
found  in  one  hundred  autopsies  of  criminals  the  open  suture  twice  onl}-.  Lombroso 
and  Ferrero  (Das  Weib,  286)  found  in  sixtj-six  female  criminals  the  open  frontal 
suture  in  twelve  instances.  According  to  Corre  the  character  appears  in  brachy- 
cephaly.  and  may  be  regarded  as  indicating  inferiority  of  grade. 

Measurements,   Table   No.    14. 


1 


Transverse 

Diameters  of 

Cranium.- 


s 

■^  s 

"a  .5 

C  S 

8  5 


el 


Santa  Barbara,  1,818  S 

1.823  S 
1,822  9 
1,82(1  S 
1.817  S 
1,825  S 
1,815  9 

1.819  S 

1.824  S 
1,81(5  9 

1.820  9 

1.821  S 


UIO, 
1530 
1248, 
1280 
1150| 
1350 
1275 
1315 
1425 
1265i 
1380: 
1445 


175 

185| 
173, 
170i 
167! 
176 
0 
166 
177 
173 
170 
171 


I 
176' 
185 
176 
170 
167 
178 
168 
166 
177 
I74i 
170; 
1721 


133 

140 
127 
128 
124 
130 
125 
135 
132 
126 
0 
133 


Avef. 


13391173173130 


91J105 
93  110 

85;  99 
91107 
90103 
95  113 
89101 
95!l04 
lOOl  0 


85 
93 
97 


92 


102 
105 
107 


!115' 
120 
115 
120 

0 
121 

0 
124 
123 
100 
120 
128 


13% 

135;j 

126p 

131;; 

130 

138;,, 

132;, 

135;, 

132;, 

0 
131;; 
135;, 


76 
73 
73 

77 
78 
78 

0 
81 
75 

0 
77 
79 


105  118,133  77 


3 


0,500 
130|  520 
118;  490 
120j  490 
123  490 
129j  510 

0:490 
125  485 


Transverse 
Arcs. 


I   .1 


Longitudinal ,  s     ^ 

Arcs. 

Fora 
Mag 

ji 

1 

t 

-& 

JS 

i 

ti 

^ 

i 

H^ 

"5 

S 

J 

.      1 

£ 

> 

<a  1 

1 

•1 

(2 

_o. 

5 

1 

.1 

? 

S  ! 
< 

126 

118 

0 

133 


510 

0 

486 

515 


294296i 
300!325 

70I28O: 
284  290! 
280^285' 
300305 
280:2831 
295  300 
300305 

0|  oi 

273280 
2951310; 


0120 

0124 

270110 

0118 

250130 

2751301 

0118, 

0120; 

0120^ 

ol  oj 

275|120 
0  120 


130  120,32 
120  140  35 
125  110  37 
120115  30 
100  113  35 
12012032 
110120  35 
12011034 
115125  36 


0 
115 
120 


4  125  499  288296  2(i7,121;118 


0  33 
10033 
108137  30  101 


27  98 

27  100 
30  95 
30100 

28  93 
30  96 
25  91i 
27  96 
30  96 
27  97 
30  100! 


96  11041 
93  103 


90 

91  I 

83 

95^ 

8U' 

85  I 
87 


98 
98 
89 
104 
91 
99 
94 


=  i  o 


106!  93 

103  90 

103  92 

98j  93 

96'  93 

106  91 

100  88 

103  86 

98,  93 

10(5*  87 


90  1103 

91  I  90j 
93  103il02;  91 


90,101 


I 


116  34  29    971891  98101;  91 


2>  Bi-jiarietal. 

'  L.  Carr  (U.  8.  Geological  Survey,  Wiieeler,  1879,  283)  found  the  suture  in  two  jkt  cent 
of  Santa  Barbara  crania. 

■'  In  view  of  the  rarity  of  the  interfrontal  .suture  in  N.  A.  Indians,  it  is  uitere.stnig  to  note  that 
an  example  i;'  figured  in  one  of  the  earliest  contribution.-  to  craniology,  namely  Blunienhach'.<  I^cades, 
PI.  IX,  where  the  .■ijiecimen  is  named  Indi- America'  sejitentrionalis. 


404 


CRANL\.    FROM   THP]    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


Measurements,  Table  No.  15. 


Diameters 
of  Face. 

Of  Orbit. 

Of  E.Tteroal 
Nose. 

I  Jfalai 

Lines. 

Width 
Lower  Jaw 

Heiglit 
Lower  Jaw 

J3 

Of 

Bamus. 

'5' 

i 

.a 

^ 

1 

s 

; 

g 

» 

& 

$ 

m 

i 

1 

^ 

£, 

£, 

U 

U 

s 

[ 

« 

S 

• 

i 

1 

■s 

s 

s 

s 

i 

a 

3 

? 

1 

o 

o 

> 

< 

o 

• 

a  — 

u  5l 

•i 

^ 

1 
3. 

< 

1 

6 

o 
0 

1 

o 

S 

♦J 

i 
J 

"S 

a 

5 

■3 

•5 

"3 

a 

."§ 

Binmla 
cali 

i 

« 

0 

1 
(1 

S 
0 

a 

0 

0 

t 
'o 

a 
O 

0 

.a 
s* 
'S 

a 

0 

1,818  3' 

93 

22 

45 

52 

17 

36 

33 

92 

46 

22 

48 

105 

75 

0 

1,823  ^ 

0 

96 

22 

43 

58 

18 

34 

33 

97 

46 

25 

54 

105 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,822? 

0 

99 

24 

44 

48 

18 

33 

39 

118 

48 

24 

50 

110 

92 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,826^ 

128 

91 

24 

42 

51 

15 

35  32 

91 

48 

21 

44 

102 

93 

68 

85 

27 

23 

62 

83 

51 

35 

1,817^ 

124 

87 

20 

41 

0 

21 

35 

32 

91 

45 

20 

44 

102 

0 

65 

0 

27 

28 

60 

85 

66 

32 

1,825  S 

138 

100 

25 

45 

50 

20 

36 

35 

97 

48 

23 

48 

103 

94 

79 

87 

33 

28 

65 

89 

66 

40 

1,815? 

0 

85 

22 

40 

0 

17 

34 

33 

97 

43 

20 

46 

95 

88 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,8U»  ^ 

0 

102 

25 

41 

55 

22 

40  ' 

35 

87 

49  23 

47 

115 

104 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,824  $ 

0 

96 

23 

44 

0 

20 : 

35 

35 

100 

49  !  22 

45 

105 

95 

1) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.1,816  9 

0 

95 

0 

46 

0 

22 

36 

32 

89 

43  24 

56  1 

107 

97 

0 

89 

32 

48 

63 

92 

64 

36 

1,820  9 

0 

100 

0 

48 

50 

20 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o! 

115 

96 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,821  ^ 

0 

98 

25 

44 

52 

22 

38 

37 

97 

49 

22 

45 

110 

100 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Aver. 

130 

95 

23 

43 

52 

19 

36 

34 

96  j 

47 

22 

48 

106 

93 

64 

87 

30 

32 

62 

87 

62 

36 

Measurements,  Table  No.  1G. 


.S 

-■ii 

• 

1 

a 

.2 

a 

1 

.a' 

J5 

6< 
•a 

"a 

Cm 

a 

o 

s 

i 

1 

i 

1 

§ 
1 

S 
H 
tc 
2 

1 

a 

•a 
■§ 

V 

.2* 

"a 

1 

(5 
1 

*S 

w 
i 

3 

'5 
1 

■3 

2 

1 

i 
1 

32 

•I 

a 

a' 

a 

i 

a 

•  .'5' 

a 

1 

6 

5 
"S 

-a 

1 

a 
1 
1 

i 

o 

1 

6 

s 

S 

& 

> 

^ 

n 

S 

3 

< 

(2 

53 

w 

^ 

^ 

3 

&^ 

i 

1,815  9 

75 

52 

41 

110 

65 

71 

51 

90 

29 

20 

10 

15 

16 

13 

9 

816  9 

77 

58 

45 

114 

70 

76 

45 

98 

30 

42 

62 

23 

12 

14 

16 

13 

0 

817  S 

79 

55 

43 

109 

63 

75 

45 

92 

27 

34 

53 

20 

10 

14 

18 

10 

7 

818  i 

87 

63 

45 

119 

72 

79 

49 

98 

0 

0 

57 

22 

12 

14 

20 

12 

0 

819  S 

79 

60 

41 

119 

75 

83 

45 

98 

30 

36 

55 

21 

12 

17 

20  ' 

15 

12 

820  9 

77 

0 

45 

0 

67 

77 

38 

93 

26 

32 

56 

25 

12 

15 

19 

13 

11 

821  S 

60 

62 

45 

118 

84 

0 

49 

105 

32 

43 

60 

22 

12 

20 

12 

15 

12 

*■ 

822  9 

81 

56 

45 

110 

71 

78 

47 

0 

27 

37 

57 

22 

13 

19 

16 

13 

10 

823  i 

80 

(50 

34 

123 

69 

78 

46 

96 

31 

40 

56 

25 

12 

16 

18 

14 

10 

824  S 

75 

52 

45 

118 

73 

72 

46 

95 

29 

38 

58 

20 

12 

13 

10 

18 

10 

825  S 

80 

60 

44 

116 

73 

82 

44 

101 

32 

41 

60 

23 

13 

13 

20  ; 

19 

10 

826  S 

66 

59 

47 

114 

70 
71 

74 

48 

90 

29. 

44 

54 

20 

12 

16 

15  ! 

14 

12 

Aver. 

76 

58 

43 

115 

77 

46 

96 

29 

38 

57 

22 

12 

15 

17  1 

14 

10 

CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


405 


The  (kwiiptions  ol"  North  American  metopic  .skulls  are  herewith  given  : 

949  9,Arickaree.     Aged  21  years.— stenocephalic.      Fijrurel. 

Glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridge  not  prominent;   forehead  rounded  and  full; 

outer  part  orbital  arch  oblique,  40°._Nasal   bones   25   mm.  long,  pa'domorphic^ 

depressed:    frontal    portion    4    mm.    long.— Nasal    vestibule    macrolophic ;    incisor 

eminence   none;  spinal  line  trenchant,  above  level  of  Hoor  of  nose;    alveolar  line 

none  ;   premaxillary  crest  complete,  high  spine,  sharply  i)rojecting.     Alveolus  small. 

— Hard    palate    parabolic,   small,   not    tiat. 

Alveolar  process  high.  Spinous  process  long, 

overlapping      sphenoidt)-tympanic      suture. 

— Petrosa    moderately   intlated ;    cerebellar 

fossa  lies  below  the  plane  of  the  t)cfcipital 

cond\les.     Foramen  lacerum  medium  open. 

— Malar  bone  enters  into  the  spheno-maxil- 

lar\-  fissure  ;  marginal  process  small ;  suture- 
trace  evident.      Mortise  seen   at  post-squii- 

mosa.       Lambdoidal     suture    serrated    to 

asterion ;    small   os  inca\     Temporal  ridge 

scarcely    interrupted    at    stephanion..     The 

post-squamosal  portion  of  the  s(|uamosa  is 

open.     From  these  appearances  it  is  con- 
cluded   that   the    individual    had    suffered 

from  otitis  media  with  purulent  invasion  of 

the    mastoid    region.       Vertical    suture    in 

middle   of    lachrynuil    process.     The    long 

handle  of  the  malleus  fixed  to  jjosterior  wall 

of  the  tyiiipanum. 


(A'ormu  frmitnlh. ) 


Fig.   1. — Arickaree,   949    9.   showing  persisteul  inter- 
frontal  suture. 


1,264  9,  Lenape.     Aged  30  years, — stenocephalic.     Figure  2. 

Glabella  small ;  forehead  rounded,  full ;  outer  part  orbital  arch  scarcely  inclined. 
— Nasal  bones  depressed,  pa'domorphic.  Nasal  \estil)ule  analophic  ;  incisor  emi- 
nence rudimental  ;  ridge  to  spine  discernible.  Alveolar  line  .scarcely  visible,  not 
marginal  to  anterior  nasal  aperture  ;  incisor  crest  developed  j)osteriorly  only  p  nasal 
.spine  single,  inter-premaxillary  suture  carinate;  alveolus  small. — Hard  palate  para- 
bolic. Spinous  and  tympanic  processes  co-equal,  the  former  iKjt  cn^ssing  the  petroso- 
sphenoidal  fi.ssure  ;  petrosa  intlated. — Marginal  process  of  malar  bone  and  temporal 
crests  rudimentarv.-^Occiput  pentagonal. — Skull  rests  on  opisthion.  Wormian 
bones  present  in  lambdoidal  suture. — Ossa  plana  greatly  deformed,  uneven,  with 
ethmoid  cells  openhig  into  orbit;  bulla  ethmoidalis  jjresent  right  and  left.  Lachry- 
mal bone  absent  congenitally  on  right  side ;  lost  on  left. 


4(m; 


rilAXIA    F1!().M    Till-:    MOl'NDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


T-ln  i  .  St'iiiinolc.      Aiii'd  '2')  years. — stcnuccpiialic.      Fiu'ure  >!. 

(ilahflla  small:  tori'luNid  sli<:iitly  ivccilin:^  :  outer  part  orbital  arch  alu'upth" 
iiu-liiK'il. — Nasal  lioiies  com'ex.  Nasal  xcstiliuk'  luicrolijpliic ;  incisor  eiiiiuciice 
conspicuous:  aKcolar  line  dclcctivc:  spine  double. — Hard  palate  deep  hyperbolic. — 
Spinous  process  lai'iie  with  a  wide  interval  between  it  and  the  snndler  tympanic 
]irocess, —  IVtrosa  intlated. —  Foramen  lacerum  nieilium  nearly  closed;  pteryunid 
fossa  pa'domor[)liic.  as  also  is  the  sphenoido-\-()nierine  junction.  P^)ramen  spinosum 
and  foramen  ovale  almost  continent. — .Spnnnoso-frontal  suture  ])resent. — Marginal 
process  of  malar  bone  m;u'keil  ;   tlu'   bone  enters   into   the  sj)lieno-nni.\illary  fissure 


{Xonivi  frdiiliiVii:.  i 

Fii;.   'i.  —  Lfii;i|>i',     l.'2ii-l     5'    sli'iwiiiL'    persistent     iiiici'- 
fruntiil  -iiture. 


[Xvrma  froittnlh. ) 

Fii;.    :i. — SeiDiii'ile,    T-'iO    %.    shciwiiiL'    jiersisteut    inter- 
t'l'ulital  suture. 


synnnetrically. — Skull  rests  on  the  condyles.  (.)s  inca'  and  numerous  Wormians 
present.  Fncinate  pi'ocess  in  front  of  Avell  delined  bulla;  lachrymal  bones  ossified 
with#naxilla'.      The  ridit  side  of  nose  distinctly  the  .smaller. 

In  an  Ai'aucanian.  No.  (104.  a.i^ed  lio  years,  a  persistent  interfrontal  suture  is 
present.  The  skull  is  platycephalic,  no.se  depivssed :  nasal  inde.x  -J")  nnn.  :  skull 
lenuth  in'.l  mm.,  liei-ht  X'!'-)  mm.,  breadth  l:!-')  nnn.  Nasal  vestibule  analophic  ; 
pro-nathic.  alveolar  line  trenchant:  with  shallow  hyjjerbolic  hard  ])alate ;  snndl 
OS  planum  and  bulla  ethnioidalis  ;  Ca.  l.^Cio.  This  skull  differs  from  the  North 
American  specimens  in  bein,u'  [)latycephalic  and  pro.u'uathic  :  but  agrees  with  Semi- 
nole No.  7:;n  and  Moore  series  No.  1.7sl  in  havin.ii' a  hyperbolic  hard  palate.  On 
the  whole  it    is  nearer  Leni  Lemipe.  No.  1.2l')4  and  Arickaree.  No.  '.I41J. 

A\  hile  the  metopic  suture  is  rarely  oi)en.  a  well  marked  convexity  in  the  middle 
line  of  the  frontal  hone  well  uj)  toward  the  bre,unia  is  not  uncumnion.     An  example 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  407 

is  seen  in  As.sin;il)i)iut'.  No.  0-39.  It  starts  at  the  bivgiiiii  aiul  is  the  result  of  liyper- 
ostosLs  of  the  iiitertVontal  suture  diie  to  exceptional  conditions  at  tlu;  anterior 
fontanelle,  and  is  thus  widely  separated  from  typical  metopisni.  In  a  .second  group 
of  variations  snuill.  tlat  nodules  are  seen  scattered  along  the  line  of  the  old  inter- 
frontal  suture,  or  a  ridge  ma}'  occupy  the  median  line  of  the  forehead  in  the  middle 
third,  as  in  No.  l.Ood.  Tchutchi.'  These  may  be  of  the  same  character  as  metopisni 
so  far  as  the  primal  character  of  the  defect  is  concerned  ;  but  exact  infonnation  is 
lacking  on  the  subject.  A  second  feature  of  interest  relates  to  the  proportion  of 
cranial  height  to  length.     The  low  vertex  is  nt)table  in  all  three  of  the  metopic  crania. 

The  i'rontal  bone  as  it  joins  the  nasal  is  often  the  seat  of  minute  transverse, 
fissure-like  lines  -which  suggest  that  the  interfrontal  snture  has  closed  under  condi- 
tions different  from  those  in  any  other  part  of  the  skull.  A  good  example  is  seen 
in  Tahitian,  No.  1.021. 

It  is  impossible  to  disassociate  the  ethmoid  l)one  from  an  active  participation 
in  the  etiology  of  metopisni.  The  marked  abnormality  in  the  orljital  aspects,  the 
irregularity  in  tlie  lachrymal  bones,  the  wide  intervals  between  the  orbits  are 
evidences  pointing  to  this  end.  The  inflated  middle  turbinals  in  the  Lenni  Lenape 
skull  (female)  is  of  no  significance,  since  they  are  commonly  present  in  the 
skulls  of  women. 

In  all  the  crania  the  occiput  was  of  uniform  curvature  with  the  sagittal  suture ; 
except  in  No.  1,781,  in  which  sijecimen  the  occiput  slightly  projected  from  the 
lambda,  and  in  this  respect  showed  itself  to  be  kin  with  the  other  specimens.  The 
Arickaree  and  Lenape  skulls  were  alike ;  both  of  tlif  se  skulls  were  from  female 
subjects.  The  Seminole  resembled  the  foregoing  in  the  general  shape  of  the  head, 
but  was  more  like  Floridian,  No.  1,781,  in  the  height  of  the  alveolus,  the  degree 
of  depth  of  the  hard  palate,  divergence  of  the  dental  arches  and  the  bizygomatic 
diameter.  In  Arickaree  and  Lenape  the  average  was  loO  mm.:  in  Seminole  and 
Floridian,  No.  1,781,  it  was  142  mm.  The  interorl)ital  space  was  in  like  manner  23 
mm.  to  26  mm.;  the  malar  height  40  mm.  to  49  mm.  Other  contrasted  measure- 
ments suggested  themselves,  but  they  may  be  simply  due  to  sexual  peculiarities. 

'  The  so-called  Pithecanthropm  erecttts  Dubois,  exhibits  this  elevation  in  a  marked  degree. 

51  JOURN.  A.  X.  .S.  PHILA..  VOL.  X.  , 


408 


CRANIA    FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 


Measurements  of  Metopic  Crania.  Table  No.  17. 


6 


Arickaree 949  ? 

Lenni  Lenajie  1,264  9 

Seminole 730  S 

Florida 1,781   ' 


Aver. 


3 

S 

s. 

1 

i 

J 

J 

>, 

1 

0 

bCi 

~ 

,c 

i  ■& 

■a, 

a 

^ 

^ 

=     £ 


W 


Transverse 

Diameters  of 

Cranium. 


£ 


"5 
c 

•c 

o 

w 


Transverse 

Arcs. 


Longitadinal 
Arcs. 


S    I 


I         I 

1290i72|l72129  95 
1300173il73|l32  92 
1275177  178,130100 
1495177179,137    98 


105112129;> 
100117130 
100;121jl40;j 
101129147 


75 
75 

79 
83 


75 

76 
73 

77 


125' 
130 

127| 
132 


492 
491 
505 
510 


!  I  I 
288[290  300120'l20115 
295  300  310120;  95140 
280  290  300115120115 
300  305  325125120  110 


,       I       I       I       I       I 
1340175176  132,  96102120  136 


75  129  499 


291 


296  309120114 


120 


3328;  95 
40!30  95 
3326  102 
36  30101 


I  I   I 
35  29  98  90 


89 

90 

101 

104 


96 


94 

95 

99 

103 


95 

97 
96 

86 


98 


93 


'  Moore  Collection. 


p  Bi-parietal. 


Measurements  of  Metopic  Crania,  Table  No.  18. 


Diameters 

Of  Orhit 

Of  External 

Width 

Height 

Of 

of  Face 

Nose. 

Lower  Jaw  Lowe 

rJaw 

ji 

Ramus. 

i 

t 

■3 

s 

s 

» 

tc 

^ 

i 

rr 

1 

s 

^ 

i; 

i 

3 
1 

s 

1 

S 

1 

5 

s 
« 
1 

1 

■'9 
0 

B 
S 

3 

2 

s 

c 

1 

1 
1 

c 

■& 

be 

1 

1 

C 
l-l 

1 

•0 

g 

C 

^1 

r 

2' 

|1 

a 

"?. 

•a 
s 

8 

n 

'a 

2 

i 
a 

"E. 

S 

.1 
1 

0 

"bi 
'I 

0 

.a 

e 
-< 

949 

124 

89 

23 

41 

51 

18 

36 

35 

97 

50 

26 

52 

100 

93 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,264 

127 

94 

24 

40 

48 

14 

37    34 

92 

47 

25 

53 

105 

95 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

730 

135 

101 

25 

46 

54 

20 

38^35 

92 

54 

27 

50 

110 

103 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,781 ' 

150 

105 

28 

50 

57 

23 

38  133 

87 

50 

22 

44 

110 

102 

85 

93 

35 

31 

69 

101 
101 

68 
68 

34 

Aver. 

134 

97 

25 

44 

52 

19 

37 

34 

92 

50 

25 

50 

106 

98 

85 

93 

35 

31 

69 

34 

'  Moore  Collection. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 


400 


Measurements 

OF 

Met 

one 

Ckaxia, 

Table  : 

S^o. 

19. 

i 

^ 

S 

1 

1 

c 

Q 

3 

JS 

.c 

h 

5 

a 

a 

1 
1 

a 
o 

% 

s 
(—1  ■ 

1 

i 
1 

1 
1 

e 
> 

3 

*3 

s 

1 

"a 

5 
S 

n 

J3 

1 
s 

9 

1 

a 

i 

a 

g  ■ 

1 

a 
1 

2 

6 

1 

i 
s 

6 

5 
2 

-3 

1 

.■H 
Si 

M 

o 

1 
t 

949 

55 

50 

50 

127 

72 

80 

46 

70 

30 

35 

50 

30 

13 

15 

16 

14 

10 

1,264 

55 

51 

49 

115 

68 

78 

46 

190 

31 

37 

48 

28 

14 

13 

0 

14 

7 

730 

63 

55 

52 

115 

76 

85 

45 

100 

33 

40 

57 

30 

15 

17 

17 

0 

0 

1,7811 

77 

00 

53 

50 

136 

79 

84 

51 

116 

34 

43 
39 

61 

25 

15 

10 

9 

0 

14 

10 

Aver. 

63 

50 

123 

74 

82 

47 

103 

32 

54  !  28 

14 

14 

14 

9 

IV.     General  Considerations  :  Remarks  on  the  Manner   herein   Employed  of 
Describing  Skulls,  together  avith  an  Explanation  of  Terms. 

In  this  section  will  be  einbraced  : 


1. 


3. 

4. 

0. 

6. 
7. 

8. 


Novel  or  unusual  measurements. 
The  prominence  of  the  supra-orbital 

ridge  and  of  chama?prosopy. 
The  orbit. 
The  nasal  bones. 
The  nasal  chambers. 
The  hard  palate. 
The  guttur.al  region. 
The  temporal  fossa. 


9.     The  malar  bone. 

10.  The  lower  jaw. 

11.  The  norma  verticalis. 

12.  The  norma  occipitalis. 

13.  Ontogeny  and  psedomorphism. 

14.  The  texture  of  the  skull. 

15.  The  functions  determining  the  form 

of  the  skull. 
Having  proposed  certain   measure- 


(1).     Novel  or  unusual  measurements. 
ments  embraced  in  the  tables,  it  is  incumbent  upon  me  to  explain  them. 

Inio-opisihionr  I  have. conceived  that  to  take  the  distance  from  the  opisthion 
to  the  inion,  or  posterior  point  of  the  occiput,  is  useful  since  it  is  a  more  accurate 
measurement  than  the  transverse  occipital  arc  (which  is  omitted)  and  expresses  the 
important  fact  of  the  amount  of  occipital  projection  quite  as  well.  It  is  an  approxi- 
mation to  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  brain  in  the  posterior  cerebral  fossa.  It  is 
of  course  variable,  the  maximum  in  Seminole  skulls  being  67  nun.  and  the 
minimum  44  mm. 

'  Moore  Collection. 

^  The  nieasurenieiits  of  the  occipital  projection  have  been  taken  by  craniologi.sts  irrespective  of 
attempting  to  correlate  the  figure?  with  the  length  of  the  posterior  cerebral  fos.-<a.  8ee  Wynian,  Cleland, 
Carr  and  Turner.  The  latter  writer  measures  a  "  jmrpentlicular  radius "  drawn  upward  from  the 
auditory  meatus  and  adopts  this  as  a  base  line. 


410 


CRANIA   FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 


Basio-opticon.  This  is  the  distance  from  the  basiyn  to  the  optic  foramen.  It 
is  ail  a})i)roximation  to  the  length  of  the  ]:)ase  of  the  brain  in  the  middle  cerebral 
fossa;  the  maximum  in  Seminole  skulls  being  61  mm.  and  the  minimum  40  mm. 

Opiico-nasion}  This  is  the  distance  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  optic 
foramen  to  the  nasion,  and  is  an  approximation  to  the  base  of  the  brain  in  the 
anterior  cerebral  fossa,  and  also  io  the  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  face-region 
at  the  level  of  the  nasion.  Taken  with  sliding  rule  it  Avill  be  ob.served  to  be 
a  fairly  c<mstant  measurement,  the  maximum  in  Seminole  skulls  being  54  mm. 
and  the  minimum  49  mm. 

Vomero-bregynatic.  This  is  taken  Ijetween  the  union  of  the  vomer  and  Ijasi- 
sphenoid  bones  and  the  bregma.  It  indicates  the  point  of  union  of  the  anterior  and 
posterior  frontal  segments.  When  contrasted  with  the  basio-ljregmatic  it  would  also 
show  the  degree  of  inclination  of  the  basilar  process  if  it  were  not  that  it  is  a 
vertical  measurement,  while  the  one  last  named  is  oblique.  Nevertheless  the  two 
are  naturally  to  Ije  contrasted,  and  are  thus  placed  here  in  parallel  columns  since 
they  ai'e  widely  separated  in  the  table. 


733 
698 

1,105 
730 

1,286 
.732 
753 


Basi-bregmatic. 

Vomerobregmatic . 

.     124 

124 

604     . 

.     139 

122 

456     . 

.     136 

118 

708     . 

.     130 

115 

726     . 

.     136 

119 

•  707     . 

.     133 

.     140 

121 

118 

Average 

Basi-bregmatic.    Vomero  bregmatic. 


145 

145 
135 
132 
138 

"136 


130 
126 
120 
115 
119 

T2I 


Least  alisphenoid  and  bi-exoccipital  diameters.  These  are  contrasted  in  an 
attempt  to  place  the  narrowest  part  of  the  norma  basilaris  alongside  of  the  widest. 
I  exclude  here  the  bi-mastoid  diameter  as  being  less  exact.  The  least  alisphenoid 
diameter  is  taken  between  the  alispheuoids  at  the  union  of  the  ascending  with  the 
horizontal  limb  of  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone  ;  the  bi-exoccipital  between 
the  suture  lines  uniting  the  exoccipital  with  the  ectopetrosal  direct  to  the  inner 
side  of  -the  base  of  the  mastoid  process.  The  differences  between  these  measure- 
ments vary  reinarkaljly. 

Squamosal  height.  The  height  of  the  squamosa  is  taken  from  the  auricular 
jwint  to  the  top  of  the  squamosa  in  order  to  contrast  the  Seminole  crania  with 
the  Moore  crania,  in  which  group  the  squamosa  was  of  low  dimensions. 

Bi-m&stoid  diameter.  Taken  between  the  tips  of  the  mastoid  processes.  An 
unimportant  measurement  here  introduced,  not  because  it  is  essential,  but  because 
it  has  in  a  sense  become  conventionalized. 

Palatal  measurements.  The  manner  of  taking  these  measurements  and  the 
reasons  thereon  are  stated  in  Section  6. 

'  The  basio-opticon  is  the  same  as  the  "  forainino-optic  line  "  of  Cleland.     The  optieo-nasion  is 
the  "  orbital  length  "  or  "  frontal  depth  "  of  the  same  writer  (see  J.  Cleland,  Phil.  Trans.,  18(59,  117). 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA.  411 

Choanal  vicasnrement^.  These  are  taken  with  the  slidin^r  rule.  I  have 
placed  importance  upon  them  from  the  foct  that  they  are  found  to  l)e  exceedingly 
variable. 

Malar  widths.  'The  upi)er  malar  width  is  the  lenirth  of  the  malo-frontal 
union  in  the  orl)it,  the  lower  is  the  distance  from  the  free  liorder  of  the  orhit  to  the 
spheno-maxillary  fissure.  They  are  taken  with  the  sliding  rule.  Malar  w.idths 
indicate  the  gi-eat  variation  in  the  degree  that  the  hone  enters  into  the  composition 
of  the  orbito-temporal  septum  (outer  wall  of  orbit). 

Width  of  external  pterygoid  plate.  This  is  taken  with  sliding  rule  from  the 
border  of  the  plate  to  the  bottom  of  the  pterygoid  fossa.  The  measurement  is 
valuable  in  recording  the  extraoi'dinary  differences  in  the  size  of  the  plate. 

Length  of  pyramidal  process.  This  is  taken  from  the  union  of  the  pi-ocess 
with  the  internal  pterygoid  plate  to  the  tip  of  the  process.  The  contrasts  in  the 
length  are  striking  (.>*ee  p.  068.) 

(2).  The  prominence  of  the  supra-orbital  ridge  and  of  chamoeprosopy.  In  Blu- 
menbach  Decades  (markedly  in  PI.  XXXVIII,  America,  Illinois,  and  in'  less  degree 
PI.  IX,  Indi-Americfe),  one  notes  the  prominence  of  the  glabella  and  the  superciliary 
ridges. — Wilson  ^  claims  to  have  been  the  first  to  observe  this  prominence  of  the 
superciliary  ridges  in  the  crania  of  North  American  Indians.  It  is  not  mentioned 
by  Morton.^  From  a  list  of  seven  skulls  in  Meig's  catalogue  exhibiting  the  peculi- 
arity, one  only  is  that  of  a  North  American  Indian,^  namely,  the  skull  (No.  1,512) 
from  the  Scioto  Mound  cited  by  Wil.spi  (1.  c). — G.  Busk*  refers  to  a  skull  of  a 
Tennessee  aborigine  in  which  the  '•supra-orbital  prominence"  is  "most  marked." 
The  skull  is  note-worthy  also  for  the  retention  of  the  interfrontal  suture. — -R.  Vh'- 
chow,^  out  of  eleven  skulls  from  North  America,  describes  the  swelling  in  two  only. 
The  reference  is  scant  and  occurs  in  the  text  without  comment. — Thus,  while  Wilson 
detects  the  prominent  ridge  as  not  infrequent  in  North  American  crania,  Morton  is 
silent  on  the  subject,  and  Meigs  alludes  to  it  incidentally  only  and  finds  it  at  least 
as  frequent  in  other  races.  Wilson's  attitude  is  probably  due  to  the  discovery  of 
the  Neanderthal  skull  in  1857,  in  which  the  supra-orbital  ridges  are  of  enormous  size," 
and  led  craniologists  to  identity  the  character  in  extant  varieties  of  man.  Scliaaf- 
hausen,"  after  describing  the  Neanderthal  specimen,  sought  for  this  ridge  in  other 
crania.  Wilson  and  Busk  were  probably  led  to  make  similar  observations.  Schaaf- 
hausen  concludes,  since  the  "  prominence  qf  the  supra-orbital  region  occurs  most 
frecpiently  in  the  crania  of  barbarous  and  especially  of  northern  races,  to  some  of 
which  a  high  antiquity  nuist  be  assigned,  it  may  be  fiiirly  suppoj^ed  that  a  conforma- 
tion of  this  kind  represents  the  faint  vestiges  of  a  primitive  type."  The"  occurrence 
of  the  prominent  ridges  in  the  crania  of  North  American  Indians  is  much  more  fi-e- 
quent  than  one  would  suppose  from  the  abne  statements.     It  is  indeed  a  common 

1  Prehi-storic  Man,  1862,  II,  2Qfi. 

^  Crania  Americana. 

'  Tiie  other.*  are  as  folli)\v.s :  Celt,  Norweaian,  Finn,  Calnuick,  Esquimaux. 

*  Nat.  Hi.<t.  Rev.,  I,  18fi2,  174,  PI.  V.,  fig.  1.    ' 

°  Crania  Ethnica  Americana,  18!:)2. 

'■Miiller's  Archiv,  18.58,  453. 


41: 


CRANIA     FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


cliarai'ttT.  It  is  present  in  all  the  male  skulls  of  the  Moore  series.  Nos.  45G,  1.55(), 
~>\2  of  the  Seminole  series  exhiliit  it.  and  it  is  tyi)icall_v  seen  in  No.  15.  Huron, 
(fi-s.  Ill  and  11.  ji.  414).  In  the  eoUeetion  of  North  American  crania  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surueons.  N\nv  York,  it  exists  in  the  skull  of  a  Pawnee,  a 
Sioux,  an  Ontario  Mound  Indian,  an  Ahsaroka,  a  Californian  •' Diguer"  and  an 
Alaskan.  It  is  more  prevalent  in  the  Mound  .specimens  than  in  those  derived  from 
other  soinves.  and.  in  so  far  as  this  character  is  concerned,  the  Moore  .series  crania 
resemble  the.-je  Indians. 

The  svmmetrical  swellings  over  the  brow  in  the  Neanderthal  skull  are  as 
marked  at  the  outer  j)art  cA'  the  curve  of  tlie  superior  margin  of  the  orbit  as  they 
are  at  the  inner.  In  the  skulls  of  North  American  Indians,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
swelling  is  continuous  with  the  pi-ominent  glabella  and  ends  abruptly  at  the  position 


( Xonii't  fronfftlis. ) 

Fig.    1. — Assinaboinc,   1.2.311,    .sIiuwiiiK    rciumlud    fore- 
iiead  ami  nidinientary  .^iipra-urhila]  ridge. 


Fia 


{Xoriiin  liiteritUs.) 
Sautii  Barliara,  l.rl.5.  Ibid. 


of  the  sn[)ra-orbital  notch.  The  appearance  is  distinctly  seen  in  PI.  LllI  of  this  essay, 
and  PI.  LA'llI.  and  less  distinctly  in  PI.  XLIX.  A  i)ecidiar  frowning  expression  is 
given  to  the  front  of  the  skull  in  such  specimens. 

The  prominent  ridge,  in  examples  already  cited  from  the  Moore  series,  is 
associated  with  depressed,  rather  Ijroad  nasal  bones.  In  this  respect  they  are 
stroiiiily  contrasted  with  the  nasals  in  some  other  Indian  skulls.  I  note  in  this 
coiniection  No.  1").  Huron,  which  closeh'  resembles  No.  1.7S1.  Moore  series  (see 
fills.  Id  and  11).  the  supra-()vl)ital  ridge,  the  depres.-^ed  nose-hridge.  the  binnilar 
diameter  and  the  least  facial  diameter  being  essentially  the  same.  The  Ilvu'on  skull 
is  iiari'ower  at  the  mininnnn  frontal  diameter,  and  tlu'  hasi-nasal  length  is  givater, 
.'^o  the  usual  harmony  between  the  basi-iuisal  length  and  the  otliei'  measurement 
here  givi'ii  is  not  noticeable.  The  nasal  index  is  practically  the  same,  being  44 
for  the  Floridian  and  4o  for  the  Huron. 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 


413 


In  marked  contrast  to  the  foregoing  are  the  skulls  which  exhilnt  rounded  lore- 
heads  and  scarcely  discernible  frontal  ridges.  Together  with  this  peculiarity  the 
face  is  inclined  to  chamajproscopy.  Thus  in  an  Assinaboine  (%.  4)  the  alveolar 
height  measures  but  15  mm.  The  incisor  eminence  is  small,  but  the  ridge  to  the 
nasal  spine  is  marked,  as  is  also  the  alveolar  line.  The  hard  palate  is  paralxjlic 
and  shallow.  The  foramen  lacerum  medium  is  almost  closed,  and  the  .sphenoido- 
tympanic  fissure  is  not  overlapped  by  the  spinous  process. 

In  No.  1,815,  Santa  Barbara  (fig.  5),  a  striking  example  is  seen  of  a  cymlje- 
cephalic  skull  with  convex  forehead  without  prominent  ridges,  small  narrow  malar 
bone  and  rudimental  lachrymal  bones.  The  nasals  are  sharply  arched,  the  margins 
of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  not  expanded  and  the  alveolus  small. 


{Xorma  frontalis.) 
Fig.  6.— Lenni  Lenape.  40,  showing  chamseprospy. 


{Nonna  frontalis.) 
Fig.  7. — Lenui  Lenape,  418,  Ibid. 


Chamajproscopy  is  rare  in  North  American  Indians.  For  this  reason  three 
examples  are  shown  for  comparison  with  the  prevalent  t\pe  of  leptoproscopy  as  illus- 
trated in  the  Moore  series.  Remarkable  contrasts  are  seen  between  the  Moore 
series  and  all  of  the  four  crania. — No.  40,  fig.  6,  418  Lenape,  fig.  7,  and  1,002 
Otomie,  figs.  8  and  9.  Each  of  these  specimens  exhibits  a  depressed  nasal  bridge, 
ascending  process  of  the  maxilla  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  inner  wall  of  the 
orbits,  an  expanded  anterior  nasal  aperture,  a  rudimental  alveolar  line  ;  the  spine, 
incisor  crest  and  eminence  are  small  (analophic).  The  glabella  and  supra-orbital 
ridges  vary,  being  almost  absent  in  No.  40,  but  prominent  in  Nos.  418  and  1,002. 


4U 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 


The  alveolus  is  liigh  in  No.  40,  but  medium  in  No.  418  and  No.  1,002.  In  the 
specimen  last  named,  which  is  the  most  interesting  skull  of  the  series,  the  nasal 
bones  do  not  reach  the  line  of  the  anterior  nasal  spine.  Nos.  40  and  1,002  are 
cymbecephalic,  while  No.  418  is  stenocephalic. 


(.Norma  lateralis.) 
Fig.  8. — Otomie,  1.00-2,  showing  chamieprosopy. 


(.Voci«<i  froHtnlix.) 
Fig.  9.— Otomie,  1.00-2.  Ibid. 


{Norma  lateralis.) 
Fig.  10. — Huron,  No.  1,5,  which  resembles  the 
type  seen  in  Pis.  liii,  Iviii,  xlix. 


{Normd  frontalis.) 
Fig.  11. — Huron,  Xo.  15. 


(yormu  lateralis.) 
P"ig.  12.— Absaroka,  1,228. 


CRANIA     FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA.  410 

The  e.Ktenial  nose  in  a  skull  oi"  a  Crow  Indian,  No.  1,228,  Alwaroka,  fifi.  12, 
is  extraordinarily  diflerent  from  those  of  the  Moore  series.  Tlie  areii  of  tlie  nasal 
hones  is  high  and  compressed.     The  ascending  process  of  the  ma.xilla  is  parallel  to 

the  inner  wall  of  the  orhit.  The  dis- 
tal part  of  the  fi<rure  of  the  (Conjoined 
nasal  lx)nes  is  convex,  in  firm  contiict 
with  the  perioendicnlar  plate  of  the 
ethmoid  bone,  which  projects  beyond 
tlie  lumen  of  the  anterior  nasal  aper- 
ture. Tlie  glabella  and  supra-orbital 
ridges  are  as  in  specimens  Nos. 
1,781,  1,782,  1,784, -Mcjpre  series. 
The  incisor  eminence,  the  alveolar 
line,  the  incisor  crest  and  anterior 
nasal  spine  are  marked.  The  skull 
is  platycephalic  with  moderately 
pa^domorphic  occiput  and  enonnous 
tran.sverse  torus.  Tlie  contrast  l)e- 
tween  No.  1,227  Blackfoot,  Kootenay 

fig.   1 3,  and  any  of  the  Moore  series    is   seen    in    the    rudimental   glabellar,  con- 
vexity at  the  nasal  salient.      The    distal   end    projects    beyond    the   line  of  the 

anterior  nasal   spine,   though   in   less  degree  than  in   No.    1,228,  Absaroka.     The 

incisor    eminence     is    marked,    the 

alveolar  line  mV.     The  incisor  crest 

and  spine  large.     The  skull  is  phox- 

ocephalic. 

(o).      T/ze   orbit.  The   superior 

margin    of   the    orbit    is    described 

as  the  orbital  arch  in    text  books. 

In  truth  it  is  rarely  an  arch.     In 

this  essay  it  will  be  assumed  that  an 

oblique  line  is  present,  which  extends 

from  the  supra-orbital  notch  to  the 

end  of  the  external  lateral  process, 

and  which  v(.mfi\A{\\ie»  t/ie  outer  part 

of   the  orbital  arch.,   and  that  the 

curved  surface  answering  to  the  s[)ace 

from  the  same  notch  to  the  end  of 

the  internal  angular  process  is  the 

inner  part  of  the  orbital  arch.     The  two  parts  are  di.stinct  in   range  of  variation 

and  in  morphological  signiticance.     The  inner  jmrt  is  found  in  all  mammals,  while 

the  outer  part  is  confined  to  the  relatively  few  genei*a  in  which  the  orbit  is  limited, . 

52  JOURN.  .\.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL,  X, 


(-Vor)mi  Uiifraiji^ 
Fi|i.  13,— Kootenay,  1,227, 


11(1  (RAMA    FROM    TIIK    MOFXDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

ill  the  iiin'm.  Ii\  ;i  process  of  tlie  IVoiital  Ikhh'  (cxU'riial  lateral  process),  and  wliicli 
seiiaiates  the  orliit  Iroiii  the  temporal  lossa.  The  outer  ]iart  oi'  tlie  oihital  arch  is 
much  inclined  dow  nward  and  outwanl  in  leptoprosojiic.  and  is  nearlv  horizontal  in 
chama'prosopic  <'raiiia.  The  shades  of  distinction  in  specimens  are  so  nuinerous. 
however,  that  the\   should  constitute  ])art  of  the  (h'scri])tioii  in  inaiiv  skulls. 

The  theorem  ol'  a  stout  supraMirliital  ridge  heing  associated  with  a  high 
degree  of  muscular  power  in  the  individual  has  been  maintained  ]>\  Scliaafhausen. 
Hut  I  ha\c  iiil'eired  that  no  direct  corndation  can  exist  lietwH-en  factors  so  i'ar 
iemo\('d  from  one  another. 

The  inner  oi-hital  wall  relates  to  the  etlimoid  hone,  the  lachrymal  lioiii'  and 
thus  directh  to  the  nasal  chamlier;  tiie  outer  wall  to  the  tempoi'al  fossa,  wliik'  the 
lower  is  descrihed  with  the  ma.villa.  The  dilliculties  acknowledged  in  "nieasuring 
the  orhit  arise  from  the  slight  moi-phological  \aliu'  oi"  the  region  itself. 

().)  7/ie  nasal  bones  when  seen  in  situ  will  lie  treated  as  thougli  tliev  were 
composed  of  three  jiarts  :  the  frontal,  the  maxiilarv  and  the  |)remaxillai y.  As  the 
names  indicati',  tiiese  are  d<'lined  hy  the  bonc.s  with  whicli  tlie\  are  in  association. 
The  frontal  [)art  is  measured  I'roni  a  ])oint  on  the  lateral  inargin  answering  to  the 
tip  of  the  ascending  })rocess  of  the  maxilla  to  the  j)r<)ximal  end  (jf  the  nasal  hone; 
the  maxillary,  from  the  ti|)  of  the  ascending  process  of  tlie  maxilla  to  tiu'  hegiiiiiing 
of  the  premaxillary  portion  ;  and  the  jiai't  last  named,  to  the  lateral  margin  of 
the  nasal  hone  as  it  lies  in  contact  with  the  ascending  liinh  of  the  ])reniaxilla  (see 
next  section).  The  suturt'  at  tlie  lateral  margin  ol'  tin-  nasal  hone  is  abruptly 
changed  in  (diaracter  as  it  aiiproaidu's  the  distal  end.  It  is  ol'ten  marked  in  nodosi- 
ties: and  the  ascending  linil)  ol'  the  jiremaxilla  is  distinguished  liy  the  arrangement 
oi' \essel-groo\cs.  which  in  all  probal)ilit_\  are  in  liiicjil'tlie  ])rinial  niaxillo-jii'ema.xillai'y 
suture. 

The  nasal  liones  can  also  be  di\ided.  for  the  jiurjxise  of  olitaiiiing  degrees  of 
deviation.  I'rom  the  \ertical.  into  two  j)arts.  the  radix  and  the  salient.  Tlie  radix 
is  that  })ortion  not  in  contact  with  the  nasal  mucous  membrane,  but  in  articulation 
with  the  i'roiital  and  ethmoid  bones.  The  salient  is  in  contact  w  ith  the  nasal  mucous 
memlirane.  and  extends  from  the  ethmoidal  ala'  to  the  i'ree  margin.  The  distiiu;- 
tioii  between  the  two  parts  can  be  easily  determined  by  inspection  oi'  the  nasal 
chamber,  and  liy  the  change  in  the  internasal  suture  line,  on  the  extei'ior.  The 
lengths  of  both  radix  and  salient  are  recorded  in  the  descriptions,  together  with 
deviations  taken  tiy  a  protractor  in  degrees  from  the  vertical. 

The  asctaiding  process  of  the  maxilla,  as  a  rule,  is  inclined  ;  that  is  to  say,  with 
anterior  suri'aces  which  are  diagonal  iK-tween  a  jilane  answei'ing  nearly  to  the 
production  of  the  inner  wall  of  tlii'  orbit,  and  one  whicdi  is  at  right  angles  to  it. 
.\s  variations  we  find  the  process  <juite  in  the  same  line  with  the  innei'  wall  ol"  the 
orl)it.  The  nasal  l)()nes  aix'  acutely  arched,  and  the  nose  is  leptorhine.  When 
the  process  is  at  right  angles  to  tlie  inner  wall  of  tlu'  orbit  the  nasal  boni-s  are  not 
acut(dy  arched  but  are  Hat.  the  nose  is  |)latyrhine.  In  the  group  last  named  the 
nose   is   (dianged    in   shape,  as  though    (the   parts   iK'ing  easil_\    moulded)  a  rounded 


CRANIA    FROM    TIIP:    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA.  417 

l)()(ly,  which  wus  sHghtly  hirgor  tlian  the  anterior  nasal  aperture,  had  l)een  drawn 
forward,  and  had  pulled  the  margins  of  the  aperture  after  it.  The  distal  ends  of 
the  nasal  bones  appear  to  be  tilted,  and  on  this  account  the  bridge  of  the  nose 
to  be  depressed. 

{■}}.  The  nasal  chambers.  It  is  convenient  to  si^eak  of  the  preniaxillarv,  max- 
illary and  palatal  portions  of  the  nasal  chambers.  The  palatal  portion  of  the  middle 
meatus  is  often  bulged  in  such  a  manner  as  actually  to  narrow  the  nasal  passage. 
A  corresponding  increase  of  diameter  of  the  maxillary  sinus  is  noted.  This 
character  has  been   noted   in  examples  used  for  comparison   with  the  Moore  series. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  the  nasal  chambers  occasionally  asynunetrical  when  the 
septum  is  straight.  1  have  detected  out  of  1,904  crania,  51  examples  of  such 
asymmetr^.  In  29  specimens,  the  left  side  was  the  smaller,  and  the  right  in  22. 
Of  race  peculiarities  it  is  noted  that  27  out  of  1,750  specimens  were  from  savage 
or  semi-civilized  peojjle  not  Fiuropean,  while  24  out  of  150  specimens  were  of 
European  origin.  It  is  thus  seen  that  asymmetry  without  septal  deviation  is  more 
frecpient  in  civilized  than  in  aboriginal  races. 

It  is  important  to  note  variations  in  the  details  of  the  ethmoid  and  lachrymal 
bones  since  these  are  numerous  and  appear  to  constitute  a  group  independent  of 
those  which  are  met  with  elsewhere  in  the  face.^ 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  interior  of  the  nose  is  oft<?n  mutilated  in  crania 
selected  for  examination,  the  ethmoid  and  lachrymal  bones  arc  in  practice  of 
restricted  value.  But  they  should,  when  practicable,  be  included  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  every  skull.  The  ethmoid  cells  doubtless  correlate  with  the  disposition  for 
the  bones  of  the  face,  including  the  sphenoid  bone  and  the  zygomatic  process  of  the 
temporal  bone,  to  become  intlated..  The  bulla  ethmoidalis  represents  the  amount  of 
downward  inflation  of  the  anterior  ethmoid  cells.  The  position  of  the  bulla  is  largely 
determined  by  the  size  of  the  lachrymal  bones.  When  the  bones  are  small  the  cells 
are' apt  to  occupy  a  position  nearer  the  front  of  the  nasal  chamber  than  when  they 
are  large.  An  interesting  harmony  exists  between  the  size  and  position  of  the 
bulla,  the  lachrymal  bones,  and  the  width  between  the  eyes. — In  specimen  No.  556, 
Mexico,  the  parts  appear  to  be  of  large  size  as  the  result  of  an  injury.  'Hie 
lower  part  of  the  forehead  (including  the  glabella  and  supra-orbital  ridges),  the 
nasal  bones,  and  the  ascending  processed  of  the  maxilla  had  been  driven  in  by 
a  blow.  The  parts  were  firmly  healed  and  probably  were  independent  of  the 
cause  of  death,  since  the  skull  had  been  picked  up  on  the  battle-field  of  San 
Jacinto.  The  lachrymal  bones  were  reduced  to  rudiments  and  the  bulla'  were  large. 
The  immense  increase  of  the  inter-orbital  space  had  in  this  instance  been  followed 
by  compensatory  expansion  of  the  anterior  ethmoid  cells.  The  association  of  the 
small  lachrymal  bones  with  the  other  factors  is  most  likely  coincidental.     It  is  diffi- 

'  The  interorbital  space  may  be  said  to  agree  in  a  measure  witli  the  (levelopment  of  the  eth- 
moiti  bone.  In  iMan  the  interorbital  width  being  30  mm.,  and  tiie  length  of  the  skull  178  nini.,  gives 
an  index  of  32  mm.  In  Hyieria  the  width  being  55  mm.,  and  the  length  of  skull  being  245  mm.,  gives 
an  index  of  22  mm. 


418  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOrXDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

cult  to  accinmt  for  the  abs^^rption  of  the  bones  as  a  result  of  the  accident.  After 
notinir  the  iucre:usetl  width  Ix'tween  the  orbits  and  the  depression  of  the  nasal  l>one.s, 
the  nasal  chamU'i-s  should  be  insjiecttnl  through  the  chtmnsv.  As  a  rule  the  middle 
turbinal  will  then  be  seen  to  be  set  well  off  on  the  outer  side  of  the  chanilxr  and 
to  retain  a  larjn»  bulla. 

The  redon  of  the  anterior  nasjil  aperture  demands  a  few  words.  I  shall  name 
it  in  this  esssay  the  nasal  vestibule,  since  it  entei-s  into  the  comixisition  of  the  floor. 
1  projKKse  calling  the  rounded  elevation  on  the  floor  in  advance  of  the  incisor  fora- 
mina the  incisor  eminence.  The  continuation  of  the  lateral  margin  of  the  anterior 
naisal  aperture  to  the  anterior  ua^al  spine  becomes  the  basal  manrinal  line,  but  since 
it  always  defines  the  alveolus  superiorly,  I  have  ventured  to  call  it  the  alveolar 
line.  Should  a  so-called  prenasal  fossa  be  present  it  lies  between  the  i/icisor  emi- 
nence and  the  alveolar  line.  Both  the  incisor  eminence  and  alveolar  line  are,  as  a 
rule,  complementary  of  one  another.  Extending  from  each  to  the  incisor  crest  or 
anterior  nasal  spine  delicate  ridges  are  often  found  ' 

The  measurvnients  of  the  siscending  and  horizontal  limbs  at  the  nasal  vestibule 
afford  interestmg  characterj.  In  Man  *  and  the  apes  the  ascending  limb  is  early 
united  with  the  maxilla.  Yet  its  position  can  be  closely  approximated  by  meitsuring 
the  height  of  the  side  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture.  The  horizontal  limb  is  the 
inferior  border  of  the  aperture,  and  when  the  skull  is  seen  in  profile  the  forward 
extension  of  the  crest  of  the  premaxilla  can  be  measured  by  the  degree  that  it  pro- 
jects from  this  line.  As  is  known,  this  region  of  the  skull  is  exceedingly  variable 
and  accurate  method  is  needed  by  which  it  can  be  studied. 

Topinard*  rec<^nires  three  t^•pes  of  conformation  of  the  anterior  na.sal  aper- 
ture (here  called  the  nasal  vestibule) :  one  in  the  form  of  the  figure  of  the  heart 
on  the  pla\-ing  card,  instanced  in  European  races;  one  with  blunt  border,  base 
spread  out  and  with  absence  of  nasal  spine,  instanced  in  African  races ;  one  with 
two  digital  depressions,  instanced  in  the  Chinese.  Welcker  proposes  the  term 
pteleiform  (elm-leaf  like)  opening  for  extreme  variations  of  No.  1  of  Topinard. 
The  word  is  peculiarly  apt.  for  the  as_>Tnmetr\'  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  as  seen 
in*knany  modem  European  skulls  and  thoee  of  ancient  Etniria.  b  precisely  like 

'  That  the  inrisiTe  portioa  of  the  sapoior  maxilla  is  homologoas  with  the  premaxilla  of  qnad- 
n^ede  k  a  ^atwiifwt  ao  well  soatained  that  it  often  comes  eonvenient  to  vat  the  term  in  deacriptioii. 
IW  tadaor  ereit  ■vht  become  witboot  ijoknee  tfe  Bramaxiilan  erat,  the  margin  of  the  resdbiile  that 
Ges  bdov  the  naad  Doaes  is  aid  to  be  compoeBd  of  die  ptymaxifla,  and  the  premaxilla  may  be  mid  to 
have  aa  awrarfyiy  or  wmb/  limb,  and  a  koriatmlal  or  imattr  ItaiA.  These  tenw  are  available  in  deacrip- 
tnoB  of  Ae  hniMHi  ckaU. 

'  In  Sana  the  floor  of  the  vestibak  is  flat ;  in  Gorilfa  it  is  greatlj  raised  at  the  indeor  eminenoe 
aad  iacfine ^ladnliy  timaid  the  alreolos,  «hidi  is  withoot  a  fignting  line;  in  AiUkivpopilkeau  the 
mamir  cwneaee  is  naCmmtal,  bat  the  highest  point  of  the  floor  is  anteriorij  near  the  small  alveolar 
hme  aad  decfiges  abnqidT  downward  and  hoKkwaid  to  die  iaarire  foiamina ;  in  HmMala  the  floor  is 
■■eh  the  suae  w  in  tihe  last-named  genus,  bat  the  sides  form  oUiqne  thickened  faonleis,  giving  clianc- 
*ets  which  are  qiDtediSjuit  in  fciad  fiom  those  aeesi  in  odier  apes  of  the  groap.  In  do  ape  is  the  nine 
r  cnst  derdoped.  bat  so  &r  as  the  other  features  of  the  floor  are  eoocenied  the  variatioa  of  the 
'  can  be  eoMdered  to  be  aiaristie. 

'  L'Anthnpokei^  lf<76.  07. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  419 

that  of  a  leaf  of  Ulmns  montana.  even  in  the  detail  of  ine<jualitv  of  the  hiisal 
curves.  G.  Mingazzini '  terms  the  first  type  of  Topinard  the  forma  anthropina  ; 
the  second,  the  forma  infantilis  ;  and  the  third,  the  forma  prenasalis.  A  fourth 
t\-pe  is  suggested  also  bv  him.  namely  \\\e:  forma  nasoalveolaris,  which  an.«wers  to 
the  characters  noted  in  Gorilla,  i.e.!  one  in  which  the  highest  pt>int  of  the  flofir  of 
the  nasal  chamber  in  advance  of  the  anterior  palatal  foramen  is  also  the  one  which 
is  most  ix)sterior.  the  alveolar  line  being  absent.  This  author  gives  the  name  of 
margo  limilans  to  the  line  called  by  myself  the  alveolar  line.  I  have  often  noted 
that  a  margo  limit ans  is  composed  of  symmetrical  ridges  extending  obliquelv  for- 
wanl  from  the  incisor  eminence.  As  to  the  so<*alled  fossji  prenivstilis.  I  Ijelieve  that 
there  is  nothing  to  show  that  this  fossa  is  ever  in  advance  of  the  na^\l  chsunber. 
The  depression  invariably  lies  between  the  incisor  eminence  and  the  alveolar  line. 
The  alvettlar  height  is  always  low  when  the  fossa  is  well  defined.  T.  Dwight' 
accepts  the  iierm  fossa  prenasalis.  but  observes  in  the  description  of  an  example  in 
a  Sandwich  Island  cranium  that  the  "  anterior  lines  are  distinctly  the  continuations 
of  the  lateral  borders  of  the  nasal  opening." 

I  venture  to  propose  yet  another  classification  of  the  varieties  of  the  anterior 
nasal  aperture.  It  is  based  upon  the  extent  to  which  the  incisor  crest  is  developed. 
If  the  crest  is  conspicuously  high  the  alveolar  line  is  always  trenchant :  if  the 
crest  is  low  the  alveolar  line  is  never  trenchant ;  indeed,  is  often  absent.  A 
thin!  variety  is  met  with  (a  retention  of  the  infantile  form)  in  which  the  crest  is 
confined  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  tloor  of  the  nares.  when  it  is  fixed  to  the 
vomer.  The  terms  macrolophic.  microlopliic  and  analophic  are  available  in  naming 
these  groups.  While  the  macrolophic  is  synonymous  with  heartshape  form  of  Topi- 
nartl.  the  pteleiform  of  Welcker,  or  the  forma  anthropina  of  Miugjizzini ;  and  the 
analophic  with  the  forma  infantilis  of  the  author  hist  named,  no  word  is  at  hand 
for  the  group  of  the  microlophic  unless  we  use  the  awkward  term  No.  2  of  Topinard. 
No  attempts  at  chk>sification  have  yieldeti  adjectives  which  are  of  a  common  origin 
and  which  can  be  uniformly  employed.  Besides  it  is  highly  probable  that  the 
variations  in  the  shape  of  the  floor  of  the  nares  are  dependant  upon  the  degree  of 
development  of  the  incisor  crest,  and  it  is  accepted  that  the  crest  itself  is  of  genA"ic 
significance  since  none  of  the  anthropoid  apes  possess  a  like  structure.  The  varia- 
tions in  a  generic  character,  it  is  justly  assumed,  may  be  of  value  in  studying  and 
naming  juiatomical  varieties.  The  classification  is  based  on  ontogeny,  but  it  must 
not  be  forgotten  that  while  the  analophic  variety  is  also  patlomorphic.  it  embraces 
the  phylogenetic  variety  for  the  reason  already  given,  viz.:  that  no  anthropoid  form 
|X)ssesses  an  incisor  crest.  This  consideration  di.>es  not  in  itself  give  us  a  strong 
ft>othold  on  atavism  since  the  man-like  apes  are  thefliselves  highly  specialized!  and. 
in  ptnnt  of  fact,  the  nasal  vestibule  in  Gorilla  alone  resembles  a  variety  met  with 
in  the  group  of  the  analophi. 

The  microlophic  group  is  the  most  complex  since  it  embraces  those  with  a  high 

'  Arch.  f.  .\uthrop..  1891,  176. 
'  Am.  Jouni.  Med.  Sci.,  1892. 


420 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


i\n  well  as  tlioso  with  a  low  incisor  omiiionce.  If  the  former  eondition  persists  the 
variety  with  the  so-ealled  preiiasal  fossa  is  defined  :  if  the  latter,  oblique  ridges  ex- 
tend forward  from  the  low  incisor  eminence 
to  the  anterior  nasal  spine  :ind  in  varying 
degrees  characterize  the  floor  of  the  vesti- 
bule. In  an  ethnic  .sense  it  is  noted  how 
predominantly  the  macrolophi  appear  in  the 
higher,  especially  the  European  form,  and 
the  niicrolo])hi  in  the  American  Indian.' 

(tl).  T/te  hard  palate.  All  things 
remaining  the  same  the  U-shaped  hard 
palate  is  the  most  efficient.  The  curving 
in  of  the  posterior  ends,  or  the  diverging 
of  the  sides  of  the  arch  are  without  i)er- 
ceptible  advantage.  Broca  in  claiming  that 
this  divergent,  or  hyperbolic  \ariation  is 
highest,  doubtless  means  that  it  is  found  in 
the  highest  people  (i.  e.  the  most  intellec- 
tually advanced  races),  and  not  that  it  con- 
stitutes the  best  mechanical  arrangement. 

Fig.  14.-Santa  Barbara,  1.H1.5.     In  marked  contntst  to  ^     «""     ^^"^     ^     ^^''^'^      ^WO      transVCr.SC 

the  hard  palate  a^  fiKure<i  in  PI.  ijv.  f,  i^xi.     diameters  of  the  hard  palate,  one  between 

where  the  .sides  diverge   posteriorly,    and    in    PI.  i 

LXiv,  where  they  are  paniiiei,  is  tiie  view  in  this     ^hc  premolars,  and  oHc  opposite  the  second 

ligure  where  the  sides  converge  posteriorly.  i  ^^ 

moliir.  Duckworth  ^  takes  the  anterior 
width  at  a  point  between  the  canine  and  the  first  premolar.  It  is  commonly  so 
taken.  I  prefer  estimating  the  anterior  diameter  at  a  point  between  the  premolars. 
Where  two  premolars  are  alone  present  in  a  given  dental  series  the  second  tooth 
tends  to  remtiin  in  close  mechanical  relation  with  the  first  molar ;  this  throws  the 
first  premolar  in  almost  ecjual  apposititm  to  the  canine.  The  interval  between  the 
premolars  appears  to  be  a  good  neutral  space,  furnishing  a  favorable  point  for 
mensuration.  The  inclination  downward  and  forward  of  the  hard  palate  begins 
at  a  line  which,  drawn  transversely,  will  intersect  the  dental  arch  between  the 
premolars,  and  not  between  the  first  premolar  and  the  canine.  In  the  lo\ver  jaw 
the  inclination  of  the  two  premolars  is  often  opposed, — the  first  tooth  being  directed 
obliquely  inward  and  forward  and  the  second  inward  and  backward. 

'  The  details  of  the  na.sal  vestibule  as  seen  in  figures  of  Blumenbach's  Decades  are  worthy  of 
being  noted  at  this  place.  Incisor  eminence  with  alveolar  crest  and  bifid  nasal  spine,  PI.  Ill,  A.siatic. 
Large  nasal  .spine  profile,  PI.  VIII,  Aethiop ;  PI.  XII,  Tatar.  No  nasal  spine,  high,  convex  alveolus, 
PI.  X,  ("arih.  Carinated  inter-premaxillarj'  suture  at  alveolus,  PI.  XVII,  Aethiop;  PI.  XXXIV, 
Ind;  PI.  XXXVII,  Greenlander  ?;  PI.  XLIII,  Lapp  9  ;  PI.  LX,  Btdi  boy;  PI.  LXII,  Kamt- 
schada.  High  premaxillary  crest,  large  spine,  high  maxillary  spine,  PI.  XL VI,  Atur.  Perpendic- 
ular plate  produced  so  tis  to  divide  anterior  nasal  aperture  into  two  parts,  PI.  LVI,  Mulatto.  Alveolar 
line  produced  as  in  modern  skulls,  alveolar  suture  open,  premaxillary  crest  high,  PI.  LVII,  Croat  9  . 
High  alveolus,  PI.  LVIIJ,  Botocudi.     Alveolar  produced,  PI.  LIX,  Macassar  boy. 

»  Journ.  Anthropolog.  Inst.  1894,  Vol.  XXIII,  287. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  421 

Great  difterences  are  noted  between  the  alveolar  arches  in  respei.-t  of  the 
depth  of  the  transverse  areh  oi'  the  palate.  As  a  rule  the  hyperbolie  form  is 
assoeiated  with  high  alveolar  arches;  and  a  disposition  in  the  preniaxillarv  por- 
tion of  the  palate  U)  be  thickened  so  that  the  depth  of  the  alveolus  back  of  the 
incisor  and  canine  teeth  is  not  much  less  than  it  is  at  the  premolars  and  the  molars. 
The  palate  being  deep  directly  behind  the  incisors,  compels  these  teeth  to  Ix-come 
vertical ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  palate  being  shallow  back  of  the  incisors  compels 
them  to  assume  an  oblicpie  position  (outward  and  downward).  Thus  phases  of 
orthognathism  and  prognathism  are  estalilished,  and  a  reason  sustained  for  measur- 
ing the  height  of  the  alveolar  processes. 

The  palate  exhibits  in  the  middle  line  a  tendency  in  the  bones  to  be 
hyperostosed.  This  eminence  has  received  the  name  ol'  the  /orus  palalinus.  1 
have  ventured  to  define  two  of  these  ridges  which  I  name  i\w,  pre-torus  and  the' 
post-torus.  The  pre-torus  is  confined  to  the  hard  palate  midway  between  the  point 
of  the  premolars  and  the  incisive  foramen.  The  post-torus  answers  to  the  ridge  as 
named  by  anatomists  and  is  seen  on  the  hard  palate  from  a  point  midway  between 
the  premolars  to  the  end  or  near  the  end  of  the  horizontal  palatine  processes.  In 
No.  1,201,  New  Hollander,  the  two  ridges  are  fused,  but  this  is  infrequently  the 
case.  The  pre-torus  is  more  commonly  absent  than  the  post-torus,  and  lx)th  are 
more  common  in  females  than  in  males.  The  torus  palatinus  is  often  seen  in 
Escpiimaux  crania,  is  frequent  in  Sandwich  Islanders,  while  not  rare  in  Nortli 
American  Indians. 

(7).  The  guttural  region.  The  main  points  of  interest  of  the  ttorma  basilaris 
relate  to  the  guttural  region,  namely,  that  at  the  pterygoid  processes  and  extending 
thence  backward  to  include  i\\e  pars  petrosa. 

Four  subjects  are  here  presented  for  consideration  :  [a)  the  pterygoid  and  pvra- 
midal  processes ;  (b)  the  degree  of  inflation  of  the  petrosa ;  (c)  the  foramen  laceruni 
medium  ;   (d)  the  line  of  the  petrosphenoidal  fissure  and  squamosotympanic  suture. 

(a).  The  pterygoid  and  pyramidal  processes  are  of  in,terest  from  the  fact  that 
the  degree  of  depth  of  the  pterygoid  fossa,  the  length  of  the  external  pterygoid 
plat-e,  the  length  of  the  pyramidal  process  of  the  palatal  bone  are  exceedingly 
variable.*  The  assumption  is  made  that  since  these  characters  are  of  value  in  tax- 
onomy that  the  variations  seen  to  take  place  in  man  may  be  useful.  Two  main 
types  can  be  distinguished,  namely,  one  in  which  the  fossa  is  shallow,  the  pterygoid 
plates  not  extending  and  the  pyramidal  process  small  and  blunt.  This  is  the 
phase  seen  in  immature  skulls  and  is  doubtless,  when  met  with  in  mature  forms,  an 
example  of  pa^domorphism  (see  p.  368)  for  lengths  of  pyramidal  processes.  The 
other  type  of  fossa,  in  opposition  to  the  foregoing,  is  deep,  with  a  wide  external  ptery- 
goid plate  and  a  long  p3Tamidal  process.  In  its  nuirked  form  it  leads  to  the  junction 
of  the  external  ])terygoid  plate  and  the  spinous  process,  and  to  the  creation  of  the 
pterygo-spinosal forafnen)     The  s))in(nis  process,  as  a  rule,  uniting  in  a  (conspicuous 

'  The  pterygo-spinosal  is  the  same  as  spheno-pterygoid  foramen  of  wnters.  The  term  spheiio- 
ptervfroid  is  without  sitrnificance.  A  figure  in  iUustration  is  given  by  W.  Matthews,  "  Tiie  Human 
Bones  of  the  Hemenway  Collection  in  the  U.  S.  A.  Jled.  Mas.,  Memoirs  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  7th 
Memoir. 


422  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

maimer  with  the  legmen  tympania  gives  tlie  impression  that  the  whole  constitutes 
an  important  osseous  septum  which  separates  the  temporal  and  zygomatic  fossae 
from  the  pharynx  and  is  morphologically  of  a  significance  similar  to  that  hy 
which  the  outer  wall  of  the  orbit  becomes  a  septum  separating  the  orbit  from 
the  temporal  fossa.' 

{b).  The  degree  of  inflation  of  \\w  pars  petrosa  on  the  posterior  surfaces  where 
they  abut  against  the  basilar  process  is  always  noted  since  it  does  not  exist  in  the 
skulls  of  the  anthropoid  apes,  and  is  often  absent  in  the  skull  of  the  lower  tyi)es  of 
man.  Whenever  it  t)ccurs  it  may  be  said  to  be  an  abrupt  departure  from  pa'domor- 
phic  conditions.  The  inflated  petrosa  signifies  that  as  the  skull  increases  in  trans- 
verse diameter  (especially  at  its  base)  the  petrosa  tends  to  separate  from  the 
basi-occipital  and  the  basi-sphenoid  bones,  the  inflation  in  a  degree  representing  the 
compensatory  effort  to  occupy  the  space  which  would  be  thereby  created.  Infla- 
tions are^apt  to  })e  found  in  skulls  in  which  the  foramina  lacera  media  are  wide. 
It  must  be  remembered  that  the  petrosa  are  never  organically  associated  with  either 
the  occipital  or  sphenoid  bones,  and  if  it  were  not  for  the  union  with  the  squamosal 
and  tympanic  elements,  would  fall  away  from  the  skull  in  maceration  as  in  the 
Cetiicea  and  in  many  genera  of  Chiroptera. 

{c).  The  foramen  lacerum  medium  in  Simia  is  closed  between  the  petrosa  and 
the  sphenoid,  at  a  point  answering  to  the  Eustachian  groove  (lateral  portion),  but 
open  between  the  petrosa  and  the  side  of  the  basi-sphenoid  (median  portion).  In 
Anthropopithecus^  Gorilla  and  Hylobates  the  foramen  is  closed  throughout.  Hence 
the  opening  is  clearly  composed  of  a  median  and  a  lateral  part.  Its  peculiarities 
should  be  noted  in  the  description  of  every  skull. 

{d).  The  sphenoido-tympanic  fissure  and  suture.  The  line  indicated  in  the 
above  title  is  nearly  straight,  with  a  disposition  to  be  interrupted  by  the  sjjinous 
process  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  and  for  the  oval  and  spinous  foramina  to  approach 
or  be  merged  in  the  fissure.  When  the  process  crosses  the  line  it  is  described 
as  overlapping.  When^the  spinous  process  is  large  it  is  apt  to  be  associated  with 
the  pterygo-spinosal  union.  In  all  examples  it  evinces  a  disposition  to  extend 
outward  and  effect  a  junction  with  the  tegmen  tympani  at  or  near  the  end  of  the 
sphenoido-squamosal  suture.^  * 

'  The  significance  of  the  external  pterygoid  plate  is  that  of  an  ossified  iTiterinuseidar  septum 
between  the  pter^-goid  muscles.  It  answers,  in  a  way,  to  the  power  of  these  muscles  since  they  can  act 
with  better  advantage  having  origin  from  a  bony  septum  than  from  a  fibrous  one.  We  expect  also  to 
find  that  a  large  external  pterygoid  process  harmonizes  with  a  high,  wide  a.scending  ramus  to  the  lower 
jaw.  In  the  description  of  the  lower  jaw  and  of  the  pterygoid  processes  these  two  factors  should  be 
associated.  In  like  manner  the  pyramidal  process  of  the  palate  bone  extends  a  variable  distance  along 
the  inferior  border  of  the  external  pterygoid  plate.  The  extent  of  this  process  harmonizes  with  the 
width  of  the  plate. 

■*  It  is  of  interest  to  ascertain  the  changes  which  these  characters  undergo  in  the  anthropoid  aj)es. 
In  Simvi  the  spinous  j)rocess  is  absent  and  the  oval  foramen  is  almost  in  the  sphenoido-j>etrosal 
fissure  ;  the  squaraoso-tympanic  suture  is  without  visible  tegmen  in  the  adult ;  in  the  young,  however, 
the  tegmen  is  seen.  The  inner  border  of  the  glenoid  cavity  is  not  produced  below  "the  level  (jf  the 
sphenoid  bone.  No  trace  of  an  opening  answering  to  the  foramen  spinosum  is  Jweseut,  the  middle 
meningeal  artery  probably  passing  through  the  large  oval  foramen.     In  Anthropopithems  spinous  the 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  423 

(8).  The  teniporal  fossa  is  of  iinportanee  in  (leteniiiiiin,<;-  tla-  sliapf  of  the  skull. 
I  venture  to  divide  the  crest  answering  to  tlie  limits  of  the  temporal  muscle  impres- 
sion into  two  parts. — the  fronto-temporal  and  the  parieto-temporal.  Tlie  fronto- 
temporal  part  lies  on  the  frontal  bone,  and  extends  from  the  end  of  the  external 
angular  i)rocess  to  the  stephanion.  The  parieto-temporal  part  lies  on  the  parietal  hone 
and  extends  from  the  stephanion  backward,  curving  down  to  or  near  the  asterion. 
In  muscular  individuals,  particularly  in  males,  both  parts  are  well  defined.  The 
frontoparietal  part  is  rugose  and  even  spinose,  when  the  t)ther  is  faintly  expressed. 
Sometimes  a  sharp  spicule  of  bone  is  directed  downward.  The  crest  is  often  abruptly 
united  Avith  the  parieto-temporal  at  the  stephanion, — the  beginning  of  the  last-named 
curve  being  high  on  the  side  of  the  cranium  as  though  separated  from  the  fronto- 
temporal  Ijy  a  •■  fault,"  to  use  a  term  borrowed  from  geology. — The  surface  of  tlie 
postej-ior  part  of  the  temporal  fossa  exhibits  a  peculiar  texture.  The  l^one  is  smooth 
and  often  porcellaneous.  It  is  apt  to  be  raised  above  the  level  of  the  l^mbdoidal 
suture,  which  shows  for  a  short  distance  from  the  asterion  a  serrated  appearance 
where  the  superior  curved  occipital  line  comes  in  contact  with  that  region  of  the 
human  skull  which  is  comparable  to  the  occipital  crest  of  the  lower  mammals. 
The  lambdoidal  suture  as  it  approaches  the  asterion  becomes  harmonic  in  manv 
examples.  The  frequency  with  which  this  change  is  correlated  with  interruptions 
Ijetween  the  frontal  and  temporal  portions  of  the  temporal  crest  is  noted,  and  consti- 
tutes an  essential  feature  in  the  descriptions  of  skulls  in  this  essay.  The  parieto- 
temporal crest  as  it  approaches  the  lambdoidal  suture  is  often  defined  by  a  Wor- 
mian Ijone,  thus  suggesting  in  an  interesting  manner  that  these  structures  are 
associated  with  the  boundary  lines  of  muscle-impressions.  The  Wormians  appear 
to  represent  the  consequences  of  compensation  in  rates  of  growth  of  bones.  They 
are  fiijes  imposed  by  nature  for  neglect.  I  infer  that  these  results  of  neglect  may  be 
exemplified  in  aborted  or  delayed  rates  of  gi-oAvth  of  the  more  important  elements. 

The  s(piamosa  and  the  so-called  mastoid  poi'tion  of  tlie  temporal  bone  (as  seen  in 
articulation  with  the  sphenoid,  parietal  and  occipital  bonegs),  have  been  the  subject 
of  special  consideration.  The  pars  squamosa  is  divided  into  the  pre-squamosal  and 
the  post-squamosal  portions.'  'Y^\w  pre-squamosal  ^ov\\m\  includes  all  of  the  temporal 
bone  whith  is  seen  in  the  norma  lateralis  in  advance  of  the  posterior  border  of  the 
auditory  meatus.     The  post-squamosal  portion  is  here  reserved  for  that  part  of  the 

process  is  present  l)iit  in  a  nidinientary  form  and  is  exceeded  in  size  by  tlie  tubercle  answering  to  the 
inner  border  of  the  glenoid  cavity.  The  sj)in(ius  process  lies  to  the  inner  border  of  the  tympanic  bone. 
The  tegnien  tyrapani  is  distinctly  seen  in  the  adult.  A  small  opening  in  the  position  of  the  foramen 
spinosuin  is  evident,  the  foramen  ovale  being  small  and  round.  In  GoriUn  the  j)arts  are  as  in  Anthropn- 
piihecus ;  the  foramen  spinosum,  however,  being  larger.  In  Hylohaies  the  jjarts  are  the  same  as  in  paxlo- 
morphic  forms  in  Man.  The  inner  border  of  the  glenoid  cavity  is  without  tubercle.  The  foramen 
spinosum  is  evident.  Thus  Hi/lobafes  more  closely  resembles  ilan  at  the  jietrosal  part  of  the  guttural 
region  than  does  any  other  anthropoid  ape.  ^ 

'  The  author  is  not  unmindful  of  Albrecht's  proposition  to  divide  the  squamosa  on  the  norma 
basilaris  into  pre-tympanic  and  post-tympanic  portions.  The  above  division  is  thought  to  be  preferable, 
since  the  parts  are  of  the  squamosa  alone,— thus  being  independent  of  other  cranial  elements,  Iwsides 
which  the  parts  directly  over  the  tympanic  bone  remain  liy  .A.!brecht's  scheme  unaccounted  for. 

153  .TOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  X. 


424  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

squaniO!<a  wliich  lie«  back  of  the  aurlitorv  meatus.  Tlie  temporal  bone  l)ack  of  the 
post-scjuamosa  is  here  denoniinated  the  ecto-petrosal  portion.' 

The  mastoid  region  as  usually  outlined  thus  disappears  and  in  its  place  two 
subregions  are  named  for  the  temporal  bone  back  of  the  auditory  meatus,  namely, 
the  post-squamosal  and  the  ecto-petrosal  portions.  The  remains  of  the  suture 
between  the  two  is  often  defined. — In  the  ecto-petrosal  portion  near  the  line  of 
union  with  the  parietal,  the  temporal  bone  is  relatively  thin  and  resembles  that  else- 
where seen  in  the  cranial  vault.  The  outer  surface  is  distinguished  bj-  grooves  for 
veins,  the  intervals  between  them  being  often  spiculate.  These  vein-tracks  are 
deep,  closely  aggregated  and  since  they  present  an  appearance  as  though  the 
surface  was  worm-eaten,  I  have  used  the  woi'd  serpiginous  in  describing  this  porti(jn 
of  the  skull.  The  entire  region  lies  well  on  the  norma  lateralis  in  the  dolicocephalic, 
but  is  carried  round  to  the  norma  occipitalis  in  the  brachycephalic  skulls.  Tlie 
suture  Ijetween  the  post-squamosal  and  the  ecto-petrosal  portions  reaches  the  upjjcr 
border  of  the  bone. 

In  a  genei-al  way  it  may  be  said  that  the  line  of  junction  of  the  temporal 
elements  with  the  posterior-inferior  angle  of  the  parietal  bone  is  made  up  as  follows  : 
the  anterior  one-fourth  is  post-squamosal  and  the  posterior  three-fourths  are  ecto- 
petrosal.  The  divisions  of  the  pars  squamosa,  as  a  rule,  unite  abruptly,  but  they 
may  pass  into  one  another  without  '•  break  "'  when  the  squamosa  is  said  to  be  inclined. 

Since  the  line  of  junction  of  the  post-squamosal  portion  with  the  parietal  bone 
is  also  the  crest  of  the  endo-petrosal  portion  as  it  abuts  against  the  base  of  the  cranial 
vault  (a  correlation  which  can  be  easily  determined  by  the  finger  passed  within  the 
foramen  magnum),  the  precise  relations  of  the  post-squamosal  with  the  ecto-petrosal 
can  be  determined  in  the  skull  at  anv  age.  It  is  occasionalh'  indicated  b\'  a  Ixjld 
process  of  the  parietal  which  in  this  essay  is  called  the  juortise.  I  have  ascei^ained 
that  in  a  fragment  of  any  skull  in  which  the  zygoma,  the  post-squamosal  and  the 
ecto-petrosal  are  destroyed,  the  horizontal  plane  of  the  skull  can  1)e  estal)lished  by 
taking  the  point  above  named  as  one  factor  and  the  line  of  the  impression  of  the 
external  pterygoid  muscle  on  the  angle  of  union  between  the  ascending  and  hori- 
zontal limb  of  the  alisphenoid  (infra-temporal  crest),  as  the  other.^ 

The  variations  in  the  squamosa,  especially  those  seen  in  the  transition  from 
childhood  to  maturity,  are  sometimes  marked.  I  have,  therefore,  measured  the 
height,  taking  t^ie  distance  from  the  post-zygomatic  ridge  at  the  mid-point  (jve^*  the 
external  auditory  meatus  to  the  highest  part  of  the  parieto-squamosal  suture. 

'  Huxley  proposed  a  scheme  of  i)eriotic  bones  for  vertebrates  in  which  he  identified  a  pre-otic,  an 
epi-otic  and  an  opisthotic  element.  These  identifications  have  not  been  sustained  (see  H.  C.  Chapman, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1894).  The  word  periotic  is  definite  enough  and  is  synon3-mous  with  pftn 
pefrosu,  since  it  is  found  tiiat  this  element  in  tlie  immature  bone  reaches  the  jieripherv  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  squamoso-oceipital  interval.  But  in  human  anatomy  the  bony  cochlea  and  semi-circular  canals 
become  invested  with  a  specially  compact  bone  of  pyramidal  form  whose  base  is  adjusted  to  the  side  of 
the  skull  in  an  abrupt  and  definite  manner.  The  peripheral  extension  is  here  calleil  the  ecto-petro.sal, 
.since  a  name  is  needed  in  an  attempt  to  displace,  at  least  in  morphological  studies,  the  incongruous 
"  mastoid." 

''  Report  of  the  Association  of  American  Anatomists,  1893. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  42."i 

It  will  lie  observed  that  the  word  "  mastoid  ""  is  eliiuinated.  lu  a  morpholojrical 
sense  this  is  consistent.  But  in  the  anatomy  needed  in  practical  medicine  the 
separation  of  the  mastoid  process,  as  above  proposed,  does  not  present  advantages 
which  are  sufficient  for  the  desertion  of  old  land  marks.  According  to  B.  A.  Ran- 
dall '  it  is  true  that  the  mastoid  cells  may  be  confined  to  what  is  here  called  the 
post-sfpiamosal  portion,  while  the  ecto-petrosal  remains  diploetic,  a  condition  which 
harmonizes  morphological  with  clinical  considerations.  But  in  many  instances  the 
cells  of  the  mastoid  which  communicate  with  the  tympanic  chamber  are  not  ccm- 
fined  to  the  post-sfpiamosal  part,  but  range  freely  into  the  ecto-petrosal  and, 
according  to  H}rtl,  may  reach  even  to  the  pneumatic  cells  of  the  occipital  bone. 

The  clinician,  however,  acknowledges  that  the  word  "  mastoid  "  and  its  sub- 
divisions are  not  in  all  rejects  satisfactory.  The  "mastoid  region"  and  the  "mas- 
toid process"  are  vaguely  defined  :  the  mastoid  regicm  being  an  anatomical  residuum 
accounted  for  after-the  conventional  description  of  the  scpiamosal  and  petrous  por- 
tions of  the  bone  is  completed.  The  word  "  petro-mastoid  "  is  sometimes  reserved 
tor  that  which  in  this  text  is  called  ecto-petrosal. — In  Quain's  Anatom^^-  it  is  stated 
that  the  ridge  limiting  the  temporal  fossa  inferiorly  back  and  above  the  external 
auditory  meatus  becomes  the  supra-mastoid  ridge  (linea  temporalis,  temporal  ridge). 
This  attempt  to  define  the  upwai'd  limit  of  the  mastoid  process  is  inadeciuate, 
since  it  leaves  the  region  called  in  this  memoir  the  serpiginous  portion  still 
undescribed.  Maealister^  calls  the  entire  mastoid  region  "the  base  of  the  petrous 
portion."  which  again  does  not  account  for  the  serpiginous  portion,  for  this  is  in  the 
cranial  parieties  al»ove  \\w  pars  petrosa. 

(!) ).  The  tnalar  bone.  The  malar  bone,  serving  as  it  does  to  separate  the  orbit 
from  the  temporal  fossa,  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of  the  primate  skull. 
Assuniing  that  the  main  object  in  creating  an  orbito-temporal  sei^tum  is  to  give 
increased  resistance  to  the  upper  molars  in  the  attrition  of  ibod,  the  bone  should  be 
considered  as  part  of  a  group  of  appearances  wdiich  embrace  the  upper  and  lower 
maxilL'v.  The  origin  of  tlie  masseter  muscle  on  the  bone  is  the  next  most 
important  factor  leading  to  variation  along  its  lower  border.  The  marginal  process 
varies  exceedingly  in  form  and  size,  and  these  peculiarities  should  lie  noted ;  it 
presents  one  of  the  best  characters  for  sex,  being  large  in  males  and  small  or 
alisent  in  females. — Tlie  bi-partite  malar  is  so  infrequently  present  that  each 
instance  wlien  noted  should  be  carefully  I'ecorded.  From  tlie  cgllection  of  the 
Acadeni}-  it  would  appear  that  the  examples  of  bi-partite  malar  can  be  grouped  as 
foUoAvs :  {a)  An  ossicle  lying  in  the  zygomatic  arch  at  the  malo-zygomatic  suture. 
Fig.  15,  a,  b,  c,  d.  In  the  four  examples  (Nos.  1,556,  5,  1,305  and  1,442),  three  were 
placed  at  the  upper  border  of  the  arch  and  one  at  the  lower,  {b)  An  ossicle  occu- 
pying the  lower  part  of  the  malar  bone  its  entire  length.  Of  this  peculiarity  two 
examples  are  herewith  given:  Nos.  So  and  1.225.  figs.  lO  and  17;  also  fig.  10, 
Huron,  p.  414. 

'  WoodV  Ref.  Handbook.  Suppleiuent,  1893. 

»  10th  Eel,  1890. 

''  Human  Anatoniv,  1889,  222. 


426 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


Rudiments  of  a    suture-line,  which,  if  complete,   woukl  divide  the  bone,  are 
numerous.     Kopernitzky.  out  of  sixty-one  Ainos  skulls,  found  the    traces  of  the 

suture  in  fifty  per  cent. 
Tarenetzky  ^  states  that  in 
a  series  of  seventy-se\'en 
Ainos  skulls  collated  from 
the  papers  (jf  many  writers, 
three  examples  (4  percent) 
of  bi-partite  malars  and 
thirty-nine  (50  per  centj 
witli  persistent  inner 
.4»ture-trace  were  seen. 
DIniitz  ^  found  in  Japanese 
skulls  a  complete  bi-parti- 
tism  in  9  per  cent  and  the 
suture-trace  in  20  per  cent. 
Virchow  ^  has  examined 
the  crania  of  many  races 
with  reference  to  the 
suture-traces  in  the  malar 
bone.  I  have  connnented 
on    the    rarity  oi'    the    l)i- 

Fig.  15.— Examplesof  supplemental  ossiclesat  the  umlo-rs-gomaticsuture.  (1, 1,556:      nqrtite    malar    bolie    in    the 
i.  5 :  c,  1,305 ;  rf,  1.442.  i  ' 

North  American  Indian.'' 
In  fig.  18  a  fissure  is  seen  extending  from  tlie  middle  of  the  malo-zygomatic 
suture  forward  toward  the  maxilla.     This  is  figured  as  an    illustration  of  a  line 


Fig.  10. — No.    1.225,      showing 
bi-partite  malar  bone. 


Fig.  17. — No.    S3,    showing    bi- 
partite malar  bone. 


which  on  the  whole  is  not  rare.  A  yet  more  common 
appearance  and  one  which  indicates  the  tendency  for 
lower  part  of  the  malar  bone  to  separate  from  the  upper 
is  seen  by  the  inspection  of  the  inner  surface.  Here 
a  groove  is  ordinaril}-  seen  in   the  American  Indian  passing  from  behind  forward 


Fig.  18. — No.  1.6t>9.  malar  bone,  show- 
ing a  suture-trace  extending  for- 
ward from  the  malo-zygomatic 
suture.  It  is  thought  to  represent 
the  first  stage  of  the  process 
leading  to  the  formation  of  the 
bi-partite  malar. 


'  Mem.  Acad.  Imp.  des  Sci.,  St.  Petersburg,  VII  .ser.,  XXXVII,  1890,  41. 
■'  Mitth.  d.  deut.  Ge.<ellsch.  f.  Natur  u.'Volkerkunde  Ostasien.s,  Yokohama,  1S7.5,  VIII,  39.     See 
A.  Tareiietzkv,  1.  c,  p.  40. 

'  MoiiAtsher.  d.  k.  p.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  Berlin,  1881,  230. 
<  Toner  Lecture,  Smithsonian  Inst.,  1889. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  427 

t'roiu  the  zygoma  to  the  maxiUa  exactly  in  the  position  of  the  suture  in  the  true 
bi-partite  mahu-.  It  varies  exceedingly  in  length  owing  to  the  degree  which  the 
malar  process  of  the  maxilla  and  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  temporal  hones 
approach  each  other. 

The  least  height  of  tlie  malar  bone  lies  distinctly  back  of  the  malo-maxillarv 
suture.  A  tendency  exists  in  the  bone  to  be  low  at  this  place  (as  compared  with 
the  greatest  height)  in  skulls  which  retain  a  lower  jaw  with  broad  ramus,  a  short 
body  and  whose  alveolar  and  basal  borders  are  nearly  parallel. 

(10).  The  lower  jaw.  There  is  no  bone  in  the  body  whose  shape  is  so  vari- 
!lble  in  dift'erent  periods  of  life,  and  which  is  so  dependent  upon  the  form,  position 
and  number  of  the  teeth,  as  is  the  k)wer  jaw.  It  is  impossible  to  harmonize  these 
variations  with  the  important  work  assigned  the  bone.  But  the  very  intricacy  of 
the  subject  makes  it  of  interest,  and  will,  I  trust,  warrant  the  somewhat  extended 
comment  I  shall  make. 

The  description  of  the  bone  will  include  in  addition  to  the  characters  accepted 
as  useful  the  following :  (a)  The  molar  ridge  and  alveolar  hyperostoses  on  the 
lingual  aspect  of  the  ramus,  {b)  The  parallelism  between  the  alveolar  and  basal 
borders  of  the  I'amus.  {c)  The  relation  of  the  third  molar  to  the  base  of  the  coro- 
noid  process,  {d )  The  deflection  of  the  angle  of  the  jaw,  whether  inwai'd  or  outward. 
(<?)  The  shape  of  the  condyloid  process.  (/)  The  position  of  the  mental  foramen 
with  reference  to  the  teeth. 

[a].  The  mylo-hyoid  ridge  is  described  by  Quain  as  "beginning  below  the 
mental  spines  and  passing  backward  and  upward  to  the  ramus."  I  note  that  a 
prominent  ridge  begins  oi^posite  the  first  molar  and  ends  a  little  back  of  the  third 
molar,  and  that  the  space  between  the  mental  spines  and  the  first  molar  is  marked 
by  a  low  smooth  rounded  eminence  entirely  distinct  from  the  ridge.  The  tw(j 
characters  are  not  connected  in  any  important  way  and  certainly  are  not  created 
bv  the  mylo-hyoid  muscle.  In  this  essa}-  the  first-named  ridge  will  be  called  the 
molar  ridge. — The  free  border  of  the  alveolar  process  of  the  molars  is  often 
thickened.  This  border  is  continuous  with  a  similar  appearance  opposite  the  pre- 
molars, but  at  this  place  it  is  not  at  the  alveolar  border  but  at  a  point  below.  It 
shall  hei-e  receive  the  name  of  alveolar  hyperostosis.  I  am  in  doubt  of  its  value  as 
an  osteological  character,  since  it  may  be  pathological,  or  (if  physiological)  the 
result  of  eating  coarse  foods.  In  an  essay  on  the  Clinical  Study  of  the  Skull,'  I 
made  the  following  statement :  In  the  specimen  of  the  lo.wer  jaw  of  an  Es([uimaux 
in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  an  elongated  rounded  outgrowth  of  bone  was 
noted  lying  on  tlie  lingual  aspect  of  the  ramus  from  the  first  molar  to  the  canine 
tooth.  In  the  skull  of  a  young  adult  the  outgrowth  was  raanunilated,  each  nodule 
answering  to  the  socket  of  a  tooth.  In  the  remaining  bones,  three  in  number,  it  was 
uniformly  convex,  and  extended  to  a  line  which  was  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the 
bottom  of  the  sockets.  The  bone  was  firm  in  consistence  and  did  not  appear  to  be 
the  result  of  inflammation.     Out  of  thirty-four  Esquimaux    crania    in    the    Army 

'  Toner  Lecture,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1889,  13. 


428  CRANIA   FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 

Medical  Museum  at  Washington  the  hyperostosis  is  absent  in  one  example  only. 
Sinee  this  oljservation  was  nuule  I  have  noted  the  outgrowth  in  a  n\imber  ot"  lower 
jaws  of  Noiih  American  Indians ;  for  example,  in  skulls  from  the  Ohi(j  mounds,  in 
the  .skull  of  a  Pawnee,  of  a  Seminole  and  of  a  Penivian.  In  none  of  these  speci- 
mens, however,  is  it  so  conspicuous  as  in  the  Esr[uimaux.  It  appeared  in  all  of  its 
varieties  to  he  a  nodular  hypei'ostosis  of  the  alveolar  process,  and  to  represent,  in  an 
exaggerated  fashion,  the  minute  bead-like  masses  which  are  often  met  with  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  sockets  of  the  lower  molars.* 

{b).  The  great  contrast  noted  between  the  alveolar  and  basal  lines  of  the 
ramus  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  appearances  in  the  majority-  of  lower  jaw^ 
examined  :  more  particularly  is  this  the  case  in  the  specimens  obtained  fi'om  dissect- 
ing rooms.  The  incisor  region  is  apt  to  be  elevated,  the  molar  region  depressed,  wliile 
an  emargination  (pregonium)  is  noted  on  the  basal  margin  in  advance  of  the  nnisse- 
teric  impression.  In  the  skulls  of  uncivilized  peoples  the  lower  jaw  has  a  marked 
tendency  (modified  by  age  and  states  of  the  teeth),  to  retain  the  alveolar  and  basal 
lines  parallel  one  to  the  other. 

{c).  The  third  molar  is  sometimes  concealed  by  the  base  of  the  coronoid  pro- 
cess when  seen  in  profile  from  without.  This  arrangement  in  a  mechanical  sense  is 
waak  ;  it  modifies  the  alveolar  process  for  the  third  molar  to  its  disadvantage.  The 
typical  plan  is  accepted  to  be  that  in  which  the  tooth  is  seen  clearly  in  advance 
of  the  coronoid  base. 

{'d).  The  outward  deflection  of  the  angle  is  accepted  as  typical  as  opposed  to 
the  inward  deflection.  The  one  last  named  is  assumed  by  Falconer  to  be  indicative 
of  low  grade,  jjince  it  is  seen  in  marked  degree  in  some  of  the  most  ancient  bones, 
namely  the  lower  jaw  of  Moulin  Quignon.  Yet  it  is  well  marked  in  No.  1,783  of  the 
Moore  series,  where  it  is  associated  with  no  evidences  of  a  primitive  or  degraded 
character.  It  is  a  sign  of  a  weak  masseteric,  as  compared  to  an  internal 
pterygoid  impression. — The  question  of  outward  or  inward  deflection  should 
be  answered  in  connection  witli  the  muscles  inserted  into  the 
angle, — the  masseter  tending  to  emphasize  the  outward  and  the 
internal  pterygoid  the  inward  inclination.  I  have  found  the 
inward  deflection  marked  in  twenty  specimens  in  the  Morton 
cabinet. 

'^"loui^proceaT  li  i^)-     The  variations  in  the  form  of  the  condyloid  process  have 

X-AmrHctn!    received  but  little  attention.     I  have  ventured  in  consequence  to 
angSon.'"^'""*    insert   in    abridgement    a   special  study  of  "the    subject   made    by 
myself.- 
Out  of    four  hundred  examples  in  the  Morton    cabinet   considered    indepen- 
dently of  race,  one  hundred  specimens  exhibit  the  peculiarity  shown  in  fig.  19, 
namely,  a  marked  angularity  on  the  articular  surface  of    the   condyloid    process 

'  I  have  since  met  with  this  appearance  in  a  gentlemen  who  can  trace  his  lineage  through  many 
generations  of  Anglo-Americans. 
''  Dental  Cosmos,  1867. 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


420 


Fig.20.— Rijibt  ooudj-loui 
process  of  lower  jaw 
of  Nortli  American 
Indian.  1.  Anterior 
view.  2.  View  of 
articular  surface 
from  above.' 


aiul  thus  (letiniiig  two  well  marked  planes,  lu  thirty  only  of  the  entire  lour  hundred 
was  this  angularity  absent. — The  point  at  whicli  the  inequality  originated  was  nearer 
the  external  (eoniinonly  at  the  outer  third)  than  the  internal  lx)rder.  The  inner  facet 
was  more  convex  than  the  other,  generally  less  abrupt  (sometimes  'really  inclined 
upward),  and  was  either  rounded  upon  the  inner  border  of  the  ])ter.ygoid  fossa,  or 
terminated  more  acutely  in  it ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  outer  facet  was  smoother 
and  broader  than  the  inner..  The  surface  was  more  compact  and  often  eburnated. 
In  some  specimens,  namely,  those  with  slight  degree  of  angularit\'.  it  presented 
insignificant  proj)ortions,  luit  in  others  (fig.  20)  it  was  by  ^ir  the  most  conspicuous 
Feature  in  the  condyle. 

These  points  tend  to  show  that  the  condyle,  during  the 
motion  of  the  jaws,  is  subject  to  more  attrition  upon  its  outer 
than  inner  portion,  a  conclusion  confirmed  by  the  greatest 
development  of  this  facet  being  seen  in  the  jaws  of  fully  matured 
individuals,  and  in  its  excessive  obliquity  in  many  jaws  of  the 
aged.  It  will  have  been  perceived  that  the  inclination  of  the 
condyle  is  by  no  means  constant.  Not  only  is  variation  observed 
in  transverse  direction,  but  the  articular  surface  may  be  inclined 
either  inward  or  outwai'd.  as  the  external  plane  is  slighth'  or 
much  worn.  These  chai-acters  give  the  articulating  surfoce  a 
pyriform  appearance,  the  base  of  the  figure  being  outward.  This 
indeed  may  be  taken  to  be  a  distinctive  configuration  of  the 
adult  bone,  only  eight  specimens  being  seen  in  which  the  inner  portion  was  thicker, 
or  as  thick  as  the  outer.  In  the  young  bone,  on  the  other  hand,  the  proportions  are 
reversed. 

Commonly  conjoined  with  the  thinning  of  the  condyle  internally  was  a  com- 
pression of  the  entire  process  antero-posteriorly.  This  was  much  more  marked  along 
the  inner  than  the  outer  aspect,  and  was  at  times  associated  witli  a  concavity  on 
posterior  surface  of  the  condyle,  which  was  probably  in  relation  during  life  with  the 
insertion  of  the  capsular  ligament.  The  concavity  was  markedly  seen  in  twenty 
instances. 

The  depth  of  the  impression  for  the  insertion  of  the  external  pterygoid  nmscle 

was  subject  to  variation.     In  some 

examples  it  was  wide  and  deep,  and 

from  this  extreme  every  shade  of 

intermediate  depression  to  the  other 

where    the    concavity    was    barely 

evident.      This    form    was    united 

generally  with  a  condyle  developed 

in    lieight    rather  than    width    and 

gave  the  parts  a  "  glolndar  "'  appear- 
ance.    This,    I    infer,    is    the    variety    described  by    Falconer   as    present    in    the 
Abbeville  jaw. 


Fig.  21.— Right  condy- 
loid process  of  lower 
jaw.  showing  large 
tubercle. 


Fig.  22. — Condyloid  processes  of  lower 
jaw  of  an  Oneida  Indian  1. 
Right  side  inclined  outward  with 
both  degrees  of  angulation  ob- 
scure.   2.  Left  side,  nearly  level. 


430 


CRANIA     FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


Fig.  23.— Condyloid  processes  of  lower 
jaw  of  Indian  from  nioiind  in 
Ohio.  1.  Riv'lit  side  thirk.  2. 
left  side  compressed,  widened. 


Fig.  24. — Condyloid  pnices.'ies  of 
lowi-r  jaw  of  Chinese.  1. 
Right  side  compres-sed  inter- 
nally with  deep  pterygoid 
fossa.  2.  Left  side  thickened 
internally  with  shallow  fossa. 


Upon  the  outt-r  border  of  the  neck,  jui^t  beneath  the  artiouhir  surface  jiiving 
attachment  to  the  external  Lateral  ligament,  !.•<  seen  a  small  prcjmineiice  known  as 
the  tubercle  (fig.  21). 

It  was  not  always  necessary  to  compare  the  condyloid  regions  of  two  bones  to  de- 
tect the  difference  above  mentioned.     They  often  differed  on  opposite  .sides.     Then 

the   right   condyle  ^Vould  be'  ,  ., 

at  times  nearly  level,  wide, 

compressed,  with  large  tuber- 
cle, while  the  left  would  be 

angular  and  thick,  with  little 

or  no  tubercle  (fig.  24).  From 

one    hundred    and    seventy- 

one    specimens    examined 

upon    this     point,    forty-two 

had  the  left  condyle  larger ; 
fifty-four  had  the  right  the  larger,  and  the  remaining  seventy-five  were  of  about 
equal  areas.  * 

An  interesting  feature  was  seen  in  the  manner  in  which  the  line  of  the  sigmoid 
notch  joined  the  condyle.  It  ran  into  the  articular  surface  at  one  of  four  ]i()ints. 
varying  from  the  middle  of  the  area  to  its  outer  edge.  Thus,  from  one  hundred  and 
forty  examples,  in  twenty-nine  it  joined  it  at  its  outer  third,  in  thirty-two 
at  its  outer  fourth,  in  thirty-two  at  its  outer  fifth,  in  forty-six  at  its  outer  edge.  As 
a  rule,  the  point  of  union  was  similar  on  the  two  sides,  but  in  six  marked  instances 
it  varied,  one  .side  having  it  at  the  outer  third  or  fourth,  the  other  at  the  edge. 
In  one  specimen  only  was  the  junction  directly  in  the  middle.  In  no  instance  did  it 
appear  to  hold  a  relation  to  the  site  of  angulation. 

(/).  The  mental  foramen  in  three  instances  was  double  on  one  side,  two  of  these 
being  on  the  left.  In  six  specimens  the  foramen  Avas  the  size  of  a  pea.  though  not 
appearing  to  be  the  result  of  diseased  action.  The  position  of  the  foramen  in  three 
hundred  and  twenty-one  specimens  was  found  as  follows  :  on  level  of  the  first 
premolar,  six ;  between  first  and  second  premolar,  sixty-four ;  on  level  of  .second 
premolar,  eighty-six ;  between  second  premolar  and  first  molar,  one  hundred  and 
fifty-nine ;  on  level  of  first  molar,  five ;  between  first  and  second  molar,  one. — In  a 
few  instances  the  foramen  was  placed  differently  on  the  two  'sides ;  thus,  between 
first  and  second  molar  on  the  right,  and  on  level  of  first  molar  on  the  left. 

(11).  The  norma  verticals.  This  region  includes  the  intertemporal  region 
on  the  parietal  bones ;  the  forehead  at  the  level  of  the  frontal  eminence  and  the 
occipital  bone  above  the  inion.  All  these  surfaces  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar 
texture.  The  surface  of  the  intertemporal  region  is  the  ''sconced  or  ''crown"  of 
common  language.  It  is  usually  rough,  pitted  with  orifices  {foramma  Santorina) 
for  minute  veins  or  variously  tuberculated.  So  many  are  the  individual  peculiarities 
of  this  region  that  it  is  well  worthy  of  being  noted  in  every  desci-iption,  and  Ijeing 
measured  iij  its  diameter.     In  figure  25  the  norma  occipitalis  of  an  Ancient  Egyi> 


(12).      The  norma  occipitalis. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    QF    FLORIDA.  431 

tian  (No.  1,2'JO)  is  shown.  Two  ilwp  modian  depressions  are  noted  on  the  line  of 
the  sagitta,  oije  at  the  post-obelion  and  the  other  at  the  intertubera ;'  two  are  .seen 
on  either  side  of  the  sagitta,  near  the  temporal  ridges  and  two  smaller  ones  on  the 
frontal  bone  on  either  side  of  the  metopie  line  near  the  eminences.  These  depre.s- 
sions  being  confined  to  the  tiorma  verticalis  and  found  in  a  region  in  which  indi- 
vidual characters  are  often  found,  no  doubt  remains  that  they  are  anatomical  variations 
and  not  the  result.s  of  diseasa 

The  various  norma?  of  the  skull  derive  their 
names  from  tlie  positions  assumed  in  their 
delineation.  But  in  the  norma  frontalis 
and  norma  occipitalis  names  accepted  in 
other  senses  are  introduced.  In  the  norma 
frontalis  more  than  the  front  of  the  head 
is  seen,  for  a  foreshortened  view  of  nearly 
all  of  the  temporal  fossa  is  possible.  In 
the  norma  occipitalis  the  occipital  bone 
does  not  yield  even  the  most  important 
area.  Most  of  the  surface  of  the  occipital 
l)one  belongs  to  the  norma  basilaris.  The 
narrowest  part  of  the  occiput  is  nearest  the 
eye  of  the  observer,  and  the  anatomical 
limitations  of  the  occiput  are  not  those  parts 

Fig.  ih.—  'Sorma  occipitiilis  (if  an    Egyptian    skull    (No.  wllicll  are  farthest   tVom  the  CVC,  tllCSC  bciug 
1.290)  showing  great  deformation  the    result   of  i-     i  i      11  i-        ,•  "     i  • 

absorjitive  processes  going  on  in  the  porose  inter-  part  OI    theSKuU  aS  far  forward  aS  tile  pai'l- 
teniporal  space  (sconce).     The  abrupt  interruption  111 

in  the  curve  of  the  lateral  contour  represents  the  etaf  protubCrance,  tile  lllOSt  COHVCX  partS  Of 

position  of  the  temporal  ridge.  ,,  ji       i-  i'    1        1 

tlie  squama?,  or  even  the  line  of  tlie  bregma. 
In  a  word  the  norma  occipitalis  is  not  a  view  of  parts  seen  nearly  in  the  same  plane 
as  are  those  of  the  other  norma?,  but  is  a  view  in  perspective  of  the  entire  brain  case 
as  seen  from  behind.  In  brachycephalic  skulls  the  parieto  ecto-petrosal  suture  is 
seen  in  the  norma  occipitalis,  but  in  dolichocephalic  it  lies  on  the  norma  lateralis. 
In  a  graphic  sense  the  distinction  between  these  two  important  types  can  be  thus 
discerned  without  other  definition  or  measurement.  Wilson  used  the  tenii  "  in- 
termastoid  arch ""  for  the  limitations  of  the  field  of  the  norma  occipitalis  and  repre- 
sented it  as  the  line  fonned  between  the  mastoid  processes.  When  the  term  pen- 
tagonal is  employed  in  describing  the  norma,  it  means  that  the  entire  contour  is 
resohed  into  five  f\icet-like  lines;  but  two  of  these,  namely,  at  the  upper  two-thirds, 
are  not  part  of  the  occiput  at  all,  but  are  derived  from  the  parietal  bones.  The 
peculiarities  of  this  norma  occipitalis  are  so  much  more  numerous  and  conspicuous 
than  those  of  the  norma  frontalis  that  special  attention  will  be  given  them. 

'  For  definitions  for  tfie  terms  "  post-obelion"  and  "  intertubera"  .see  the  author's  Toner  Lecture, 
Smithsonian  Institution,  1889. 


,54  JOURN.  k.  X.  S.  PHlLA..  VOL.  X. 


432  CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

Beside  observing  on  what  part  of  the  occipital  region  the  skull  rests  on  a 
given  plane,  the  curvatures  of  the  several  component  parts  ai-e  to  be  noted.  es]X'cially 
the  curve  from  the  opisthion  to  the  inion.  the  one  from  the  inlon  to  tlie  lambda, 
and  another  from  the  lambda  to  tlie  intertuberal.  When  these  curves  are  incon- 
spicuous, and  a  uniform  curve,  or  one  nearly  so,  extends  from  the  opisthion  to  a 
point  directly  back  of  the  bi-egma,  av(?  have  an  example  of  a  liigh  form  oi'  cranium. 
If,  on  the  contrary,  the  curves  as  alwve  defined  are  sharply  indicated  we  have  one 
of  low  grade. 

(18).  Ontogeny  atid  pfsdoinorphisni.  The  ontogenj-  of  tlie  skull  does  not 
comprise  a  uniform  series  of  stages.  Many  of  the  distinguishing  signs  are  those 
which  suggest  the  characters  commonly  seen  in  the  skull  of  the  infant  or  adolescent.' 

Since  tlie  classic  studies  of  Gratiolet.  many  observers  have  made  statements  as 
to  the  occasional  resemblance  between  the  skull  of  the  child  and  of  some  adults. 
Darwin  ^  gives  in  part  the  literature  of  the  subject. 

Aeby  *  claims  that  a  skull  is  of  high*  grade  in  proportion  as  it  departs  from  the 
foetal  characteristics. 

G.  Rolleston*  draws  the  conclusion  that  in  "ill-filled"  skulls  the  frontal  tubera 
may  retain  their  infant-like  prominence.  He  employs  the  term  "  retention  of  an 
infantile  type,"  though  oddly  enough  denominates  it  a  "metaphysical  expression." 

W.  H.  Flowei'.*  in  speaking  of  the  Andainanese,  says:  "there  is  much  that  is 
child-like  in  the  physical  charactei's,  especially  in  those  of  the  crania.  The  smootli- 
ness  of  the  brow,  the  high  orbital  index  and  the  low  alveolar  index  are  infantile 
characters." 

Virchow"  states  that  the  sTvuUs  of  females  of  the  Goajiros  tribe  of  northern 
Venezuela  ai-e  persistent  forms  of  the  children's  skulls  of  the  same  people.  While 
in  the  skulls  of  Congo  negroes  it  is  the  male  type  only  which  retains  the  child's 
characters. 

I  have  ventured  to  denominate  this  process  of  retardation  a  retention  of 
juvenile  characters.  I  suggested'  elsewhere  the  use  of  the  word  pa;dornorpliism 
to  express  these  peculiarities,  whether  they  were  confined  to  the  skull  or  exhibited 
in  any  other  part  of  the  economy.  So  far  as  the  human  skull  is  concerned  I  can 
say  that  I  have  never  examined  a  specimen  which  did  not  exhibit  one  or  more 
paedomorphic  characters. 

The  changes  incident  to  infancy  and  youth  are  of  importance  in  determining 
the  shape  of  the  skull.  Among  the  more  suggestive  of  these  changes  are  those  in 
the  brain  case,  and  notably  in  the  region  of  the  alisphenoid  and  squamosa.     Among 

'  The  study  of  the  immature  skull  has  been  confined  for  the  most  part  to  attempts  to  define  race 
characters.  Thi.s  in  a  sense  is  a  small  matter  as  compared  to  the  detection  of  child-like  characters  in  the 
skull  of  the  adult ;  for  many  of  them,  as  observed  in  this  essay,  do  not  appear  to  have  ethnic  values. 

•■'  Descent  of  Man,  H,  302,  Am.  Ed. 

•'  Verb.  d.  Natuif.  Gesellsch.  in  Basel,  1861,  III,  5.35. 

*  British  Barrows,  etc.,  1877,  663,  664. 

*  Journ.  Anthropolog.  In.-tit.,  1879,  131. 
"  Cran.  "Eth.  Amer.,  1892,  32. 

'  Proc.  .^cad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1891,  208. 


CRANIA    FROM    TIIP]    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  433 

child-like  features  which  can  be  detected  in  the  adult  skull  are  the  relatively  large 
l)i-tul)eral  diameter;  the  frontal  hone  as  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  the  tem- 
poral fossa  remaining  convex;  the  frontal  eminence  determining  the  curve  of  the 
forehead  rather  than  the  region  of  the  interfrontal  suture;  the  relatively  large,  flat 
nasal  bones ;  the  absence  of  the  premaxillaiy  crest  and  lack  of  union  between  the 
projection  of  each  premaxilla  (the  union  of  these  projections  usually  constituting  in 
the  adult  the  "  anterior  nasal  spine") ;  the  occipital  bone  between  the  opisthion  and 
the  inion  remaining  flat,  or  nearly  so,  instead  of  becoming  convex  ;  the  alisphenoido- 
frontal  suture  remaining  patent ;  the  great  height  of  the  orbital  roof  adjacent  to  the 
external  lateral  process ;  the  persistence  of  the  interfrontal  suture  ;  the  choanae 
remaining  oval  and  small ;  the  pterygoid  foss*  being  deep  and  narrow ;  the  retention 
of  a  straight,  laminose  middle  turbinal ;  the  spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
not  overlapping  the  splienoido-tympanic  fissure  or  suture  ;  the  closure  of  \\.w  foramen 
laceriim  medium  ;  the  shape  of  the  malar  bone ;  and  the  downward  inclination  of 
the  outer  portion  of  the  orbital  arch. 

It  would  be  an  error  to  assume  that  all  infantile  characters  are  capable  of 
persisting.  The  following  changes  are  invariable  :  the  development  of  the  periph- 
eral parts  of  the  ecto-petrosal ;  the  extension  backward  and  downward  of  the  ])ost- 
squamosal  part  of  the  temporal  bone;  the  increase  in  the  face  height /ar//»a.s5?/ 
with  development  of  the  teeth ;  and  the  union  between  the  maxilla  and  the  ptery- 
goid process  for  a  distance  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  pterygoid.  Other  charac- 
ters are  peculiar  to  the  immature  skull,  especially  that  of  the  new-born  child. 
Among  these  maj-  be  mentioned  the  tubercle  ou  the  posterior  surface  of  the  frontal 
process  of  the  malar  bone  in  the  position  of  the  mglo-alisphenoidal  .suture,  and  the 
horizontal  .■^tritv  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  frontal  bone  above  the  orbit. 

Excellent  examples  of  pa'domorphism  in  adult  skulls  are  met  with  in  the 
•  Esquimaux,  in  natives  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  in  nniny  North  American  Indians. 
A  remarkable  pa?domorphic  skull,  unfortunately  without  locality,  is  seen  in  the 
Academy's  collection.  The  parietals  exhibit  the  proportions  of  the  child  at  term. 
The  sconce  is  remarkaldy  changed  in  texture  as  also  are  the  malar  bones.  But  it 
is  imposi^iljle  to  name  all  the  pa'domorphic  characters.  I  believe  they  should  fox-m 
a  part  of  the  description  of  every  specimen. 

(14).  The  texture  of  the  skull.  The  skulls  of  the  Moore  series  were  very 
brittle.  In  one  specimen  (No.  1.783)  the  outer  layer  of  the  flat  bones  was  broken 
in  jjlaces  in  the  diploe.  Fine  sand  had  filled  the  brain  cases.  Even  after  careful 
cleaning  the  sand  continued  to  come  away  in  small  quantities  as  the  skull  became 
thoroughly  dried.  Most  of  the  fragments  from  superficial  burials  were  fairly 
stuffed  with  the  contorted  roots  of  the  palmetto,  every  foramen  and  fissure  being 
u.sed  for  transit  of  these  vigorous  outgrowths.  Even  in  the  specimens  from  the 
deeper  burials,  which  have  been  here  used,  peculiarities  of  texture  are  seen  (notably 
in  Nos.  1.784.  1.781,  1,783)  which  are  due  to  radicles  lying  close  to  the  bones. 

It  is  of  some  value  in  studying  crania,  such  as  those  found  in  the  Morton  col- 
lection, to  determine  the  differences  in  the  texture  of  the  bones,  the  result  of  the 


4>54  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 

varied  experiences  which  tlie  !?peciiiieiis  have  undergone.  The  protection  ol'  all 
surfaces  bv  einl)ahnnient  is  widely  contrasted  with  those  Avhich  had  been  exposed  to 
the  air.  In  the  one  case  the  bones  are  of"  normal  texture  though  brittle,  in  the  other 
this  has  been  modified  by  the  disintegrating  effect  of  frost,  heat,  moisture,  etc. 
Texture  and  color  are  often  of  value  in  identification.  Skulls  that  are  smoke-stained 
have  l>een  shelved  or  hung  over  open  fii-es ;  those  that  are  calcined  have  been  acted 
upon  h\  int^^nse  heat ;  those  that  are  at  one  place  eatth-stained  and  at  another 
bleached,  irtarked  with  conferva?  or  lichens,  show  scant  burial ;  those  having  the  eth- 
moid cells  mutilated  bv  insects  and  filled  with  pupa  cases  have  been  laid  on  plat- 
forms or  in  trees,  some  show  groo\es  from  the  teeth  oi'  rodents,  the  details  often 
denoting  the  species  that  have  committed  the  ravages.  The  white  appearance  of 
other  specimens  accompanied  with  a  pitted  effect  on  the  surfaces  demionstrates  the 
action  of  a  tnjpical  sun  and  of  high  winds  long  driving  sand  against  the  bones. 

(15).  The  fundiotis  determining  the  form  of  the  skull.  Among  the  mechani- 
cal factors  which  modifv  the  shape  of  tUe  skull  are  the  tbllowing  : 

The  growth  of  the  brain. 

The  interstitial  changes  in  the  bones  themselves  leading  to  infiations,  which 
may  receive  the  name  of  the  ethmo-maxillarv.  the  fronto-ma.xillarv.  the  mastoid. 
the  petrosal  and  e.v-occipital  infiations,  respectively. 

The  action  of  the  muscles  attached  to  the  skull. 

Of  the  first  and  second  of  these  subjects  the  general  fact  is  alone  appreciated, 
but  the  difterences  within  the  norm.il  range  of  variation  are  imperfectly,  if  at  all 
known.  What  are  the  forces  which  determine  the  variations  in  the  shape  of  the 
frontal  and  occipital  bones?  Why  are  some  skulls  widest  at  the  bi-tuberal  and 
others  at  the  bi-squamosal  diameter  ?  Why  do  some  skulls  exhibit  the  union  ol" 
the  parietal  with  the  alisphenoid  bones,  while  others  the  union  of  the  squamosal 
with  the  frontal?  In  like  manner  one  may  ask  what  are  the  causes  of  variation 
in  the  size  of  the  sinuses  ?  As  a  rule  the  sinuses  are  most  de\eloped  in  short  laced 
and  least  developed  in  the  long  faced  skulls,  but  the  connection  between  these  states 
is  obscure.  I  refer  in  this  connection  to  a  communication  by  myself  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.,  1894,  p.  181.  Evidence 
was  educed  from  the  Mammalia  in  support  of  the  proposition  that  among  the  changes 
that  take  place  in  the  skull  incident  to  shortening  of  the  face  axis  the  formation 
of  sinuses  and  pneumatic  areas  hold  an  important  jjlace. 

It  is  far  different,  however,  with  the  muscular  forces  which  are  exerted  on  the 
periphery  of  the  skull.  These  doubtless  correlate  with  the  prominence  of  muscular 
ridges  and  the  deptli  of  fossa?.  While  the  general  statement  is  true  that  shapes  of 
bones  are  due  in  a  measure  to  the  muscles  which  are  attached  to  them,  it  remains 
also  true  that,  in  craniolog}-  at  least,  we  are  needing  precision  of  statement  regard- 
ing the  exact  infiuence  exerted  by  the  muscles  upon  the  shajjc  of  the  several  bones. 
Eight  ol'  the  fourteen  cranial  bones  (viz.  : — the  frontal,  malar,  inferior  maxillarv, 
palatal,  parietal,  temporal,  sphenoid  and  occipital  bones)  yield  origin  or  insertion  to 
muscles,  and,  without  exception,  the  shapes  of  all  these  bones  are  so  modified. 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  435 

It  if*,  perhapt<.  owing  to  the  exceedingl;>-  wide  nmgu  ol"  these  modilicatioii.s  that 
anatoiuists  have  not  availed  themselves  of  characters  thus  afforded  in  the  study  of 
the  skull  as  an  aid  in  the  identification  of  race  types.  The  muscles  which  are  most 
important  are  those  that  move  the  head  on  the  vertebral  colunni.  The  bones  enter- 
ing into  the  temporal  zygomatic  and  pterygoid  fossae  are  modified  by  the  muscles  of 
mastication.  The  shape  of  the  angle  of  the  lower  jaw  appears  to  be  due  to  the 
action  of  the  masseter  and*internal  pterygoid  muscles,  as  is  also  the  size  of  the 
ascending  ramus. 


^'I.     A  Study  of  the  Teeth. 

The  manner  in  which  teeth  follow  one  another  in  a  given  series  (here  called 
their  alignment),  the  directions  of  their  "wear"  and  displacement  (the  results  of 
mastication  and  age),  are  of  interest.  Tc  a  short  account  of  the.se  conditions  a 
plan  of  studying  cusps  is  appended.  The  titles  of  sections  will  appear  as  follows : 
(a)  Alignment.  "Avear"  and  displacement  of  the  teeth;  (d)  The  cuspidation  of  the 
premolars  and  the  molars  together  with  a  statement  of  the  order  of  succession  of 
the  cusps. 

(a).  Alignment,  "wear"  and  displacement  of  the  teeth.  Two  tendencies 
of  alignment  are  recognized  in  the  teeth. — that  of  the  molar  and  tliat  of  the  incisor 
line.  The  molar  line  is  that  to  which  the  molars  conform.  When  projected  for- 
ward the  molar  line  always  emliraces  the  second  premolar  (which  appears  to  lie  the. 
rule  in  mammalian  dentition),  but  the  first  premolar  and  the  canine  are  often  not 
in  the  molar  line  as  projected,  but  in  a  line  which  answers  to  that  of  the  incisors.. 
The  incisor  line  in  its  simplest  expression  is  confined  to  the  incisors.  If  the  enamel 
is  worn  it  is  easy  to  align  the  transitional  teeth,  namely,  the  first  premolar  and  the 
canine,  to  the  molar  or  incisor  line  i-espectively.  The  effect  of  these  differences  in 
alignment  upon  the  shape  of  the  jaw  has  not  been  elaborated  at  this  place,  but 
it  caiHiot  be  ignored. 

By  the  torsion  of  teeth  is  meant  the  change  in  the  inclination  of  the  crown 
axis  either  forward  or  backward  of  the  one  which  is  normal.  Examples  of  torsion 
are  seen  in  the  first  and  second  upper  molars,  and  in  the  loAver  premolars.  In  figure 
oO,  for  example,  the  square  crown-faces  of  the  first  molar  and  the  third  molar,  figure 
38,  yield  a  medio-lateral  axis,  which  forms- a  right  angle  when  intersected  by  the 
line  of  the  alveolar  process.  In  figure  32  the  oval  crown  face  of  the  first  molar 
yields  a  medio-lateral  axis  which  does  not  form  a  right  angle  with  the  line  of  the 
alveolar  ridge. 

The  torsion  of  an  upper  molar  may  be  expressed  by  the  disposition  of  the  pro- 
cone  to  touch  the  metacone  to  form  the  oblique  ridge  which  is  characteristic  of  the 
tooth.  If  exaggerated,  the  tooth  forms  an  elongated  ellipsoidal  crown.  Now  the 
normal  form  is  always  in  a  series  whose  anterior  and  posterior  walls  toucli  each 
other,  and  the  ellipsoidal  is  not  apt  to  be  in  close  contact  with  other  teeth.     1  infer 


4. •'.(■. 


CliAMA    FliOM    THE    .MOlNDS   OF    FLOEIDA. 


that  tlic  ilis|iii~itiini  t'oi-  a  tootli  to  lie  twistnl  is  an  c'Xjuvssidii  of  its  iiiahility  to 
i-(sist  a  liin-i'  cniiiiiiL;-  to  it  Iroin  witliout.  ami  that  tliis  I'oivt'  resides  in  the  lowei' 
jaw  ami  is  a  ih  suit  of  its  imitioii  in  mastication. —  In  the  lower  jaw  the  [ireinolars 
are  Mpt  to  nndeiyo  torsion  ijuite  distinct  IVoni  that  seen  in  the  first  ami  second  upper 
molai's.  The  first  premolar  is  inclined  forward  and  the  second  ])reniolar  hackward. 
This  disposition,  as  alread\'  stated.  |>laces  tlie  first  premolar  in  harmony  with  tlie 
canine  and  incisoi-s.  and  the  second  premolar  in  harnfonv  witii  the  mohirs.  The 
lower  premolars  nia\'  he  said  to  occn|(y  a  position  between  two  distinct  st'ts 
of  tieth  which  aw  functionally  active,  those  at  the  anterior  part  of  the  dental 
arch  and  tiiosc'  at  the  sides  far  haclv.  In  the  mannnaliaii  orders  tiiese  teeth  are 
(.'xceeilinuh'  \-arial)le  in  numhei'  and  foi'm.  but  the  rule  aliove  iiiven  is  (piite  con- 
stanth  adiiered  to.  and  even  in  the  human  jaw  where  thei'e  are  hut  two  teeth  of 
the  premolar  serit's.  it  is  found  that  they  do  not  work  toLiether  so  nnich.  as  the  first 
assists  the  canine  and  the  second  the  first  molar. 

.Mastication  tends  to  dis])lace  the  teeth  from  their  aliiinments  in  a  variety  of  ways. 
In  the  upper  jaw  the  atti'ition  pushes  the  incisors  foi'ward  and  the  molars  outward; 
and  in  the  lower  jaw  all  the  teeth  inward.  The  least  amount  of  de\iation  i.s  noted 
in  the  third  molai's  of  lioth  upper  and  lowiu'  jaws. 

A  casual  examination  will  show  that  the  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  "wear."  for 
the  most  piii't.  on  the  jialatal  aspect.  It  is  far  ditlerent  in  the  teeth  of  the  lower 
jaw.  lli're  the  incisors,  canine  and  the  first  prt'Uiolar  wear  as  a  ruh.'  across  the 
crown,  the  second  prt'inolar.  first  and  second  molar  wc'ar  on  tlii'  buccal  ])art  of  the 
crown,  while  the  third  molar  wears  as  do  the  incisors,  canine  and  first  premolar. — 
In  middle  life  a  disposition  exists  for  the  teeth  to  he  pushed  out  of  theii"  sockets. 
This  is  notably  the  c;ise  in  skulls  Xos.  1.7S1  and  I.TSl!.  With  this  tendency  an 
exa'jLicration  of  the  molar-inclinations  aiio\'e  named  is  note(l.  and  the  atti'itioii-eflects 
ai'e  especiallx'  marked. — namely,  on  the  palatal  surface  of  the  rnaxillai'y  and  on  tln' 
bui'cal  aspect  of  the  mandibulai' 'molars.  In  No.  1.7^1  the  t(.'eth  are  worn  but  are 
not  displaced. 

in  Xo.  l.T^li.  by  the  constant  im|iact  on  the  palatal  side  tlie  tooth  is  pushed 
outwai'd.  the  ,i:i'indin,ii  surl'act'  bciiii:'  ti'ansferi'i  d  from  tlu'  face  of  the  ci'own  to 
the  [lalatal  side  ol'  the  crown  and  the  neck.  The  disposition  to  outAvard  inclination 
of  the  molars  is  nnich  greater  in  some  individuals  than  in  others.  Hroca  uses  the 
term  hyperbolic  to  t'.xpress  the  shape  of  the  hard  palate  as  iletermim.'d  by  the 
dej:ree  of  di\-er,i;t'nce  of  the  sides  of  the  dental  ai'ch  (See  Section  b).  I  lielieve 
that  the  divei'Licnce  of  the  arches  is  t'ijui\alent  to  the  outward  inclination  of  the 
molars  and.  all  thinus  remainin;:'  the  same,  thi'  greatest  dej^ree  of  divergence  will 
be  ibund  to  coires])ond  to  the  disposition  foi'  the  teeth  to  weal'  on  the  [)alatal  half 
of  the  crown. 

In  Xo.  I. "Mi.  as  already  noti'd.  the  second  molar  on  both  sides  is  turned  inward. 
The  lorcc  III'  attrition  on  the  palatal  aspect  of  the  tnisps.  wliiU'  tending;  to  force  the 
tooth  toward  the  b\iccal  snrfaci'.  has.  by  wearing'  away  the  crown,  so  fai' disturbed  the 
e<piilibrium  of  the  tooth  in  the  j'aw  as  to  turn  the  ci'own  in  the  direction  of  the  ^ui'ind- 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA.  4:57 

ing  surface  and  actually  tilt  the  tooth  from  its  socket.  The  teeth  themselves  are 
worn  down  horizontally  in  Es(iuimaux  and  Patajionians.  According  to  Topinard, 
the  incLsor  teeth  in  North  American  Indians  are  disposed  to  be  vertical,  hut  there 
are  numerous  exceptions  that  can  be  made  to  this  statement. 

In  the  '•  wear"  of  teeth,  not  only  do  the  degrees  of  wear  aid  in  the  determina- 
tion of  age.  and  not  only  does^the  amount  of  the  loss  of  enamel  and  dentine  give  clues 
(all  things  remaining  e(jual)  to  the  character  of  food  consumed,  but  the  details 
in  the  patterns  defined  on  the  grinding  surfoces  themselves  afford  excellent  charac- 
ters in  determining  what  the  original  arrangement  of  the  cusps  had  been. 

The  difterence  in  the  wear  of  teeth  on  the  two  sides  of  the  jaw  is  conclusive 
that  the  habit  often  favors  certain  parts  of  the  enamel  covering  and  throws  undue 
work  upon  other  2)arts.  In  the  elephant  the  molar  on  the  left  side  may  be  ah)ne 
worn  down.^  Sometimes  the  left  tooth  appears  to  have  been  used  in  the  main.-  In 
the  living  human  subject  I  have  often  seen  the  teeth  of  the  left  side  worn  while 
those  of  the  right  remain  as  sharply  cusped  as  when  they  were  erupted.  If  I  am 
right  in  assuming  that  a  disposition  exists  for  the  lower  jaw  to  push  the  maxillary 
front  teeth  forward  and  the  side  teeth  outward,  when  the  force  is  expended  more  on 
the  front  teeth  than  the  side  teeth,  the  upper  jaw  and  palate  become  parabolic  and 
the  jaw  prognathous ;  but  if  it  is  expended  more  on  the  side  teeth  than  the  front 
teeth  the  form  of  the  palate  becomes  hyperbolic,  and  the  jaw  orthognathous. 

{d).  The  ciispidation  of  the  premolars  and  molars  and  the  order  of  succession 
of  cusps. 

(1).  The  lower  premolars.  The  skull  No.  1,783  posses.ses  a  pei'fect  set  of 
teeth  which  were  but  little  worn.  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  these  teeth,  since  it 
is  likely  that  they  represent  the  peculiarities  of  a  people  as  ancient  as  any  of 
which  we  have  knowledge  on  the  American  continent. 

The  lower  premolar  exhibits  a  large  outer  and  a  smaller  inner  cusp.  Indeed, 
the  term  cusp  for  the  elevation  on  the  inner  aspect  of  the  crown  is  scarcely  correct 
since  the  enamel  forms  a  mere  lingule-like  swelling  about  the  base  of  the  outer 
cusp.     Compare  1,060,  Caucasian,  and  430,  Malay,  p.  438. 

After  making  these  inspections  I  became  interested  in  noting  the  peculiarities 
of  the  lower  premolars,  and  herewith  invite  attention  to  some  of  the  variations  of 
these  teeth.  The  inner  simple  ring  may  become  relatively  large  as  compared  with 
the  outer  cusp.  Compare  figs.  73  and  79  second  premolar.  Or  the  inner  ring 
becomes  marked  by  one  or  more  rounded  swellings  (beginnings  of  which  are  seen 
in  figs.  73  and  79)  which  appear  in  the  depression  between  the  outer  and  inner 
parts  of  the  tooth.  Compare  fig.  126,  and  the  second  premolar  in  fig.  76.  Or  the 
inner  margin  of  the  tooth  is  cleft  between  the.se  mammillations.  Compare  figs.  98 
and  118. 

A  somewhat  distinct  class  of  variations  is  noted  in  the  crown.  The  general 
character  is  that,  indeed,  of  a  true  premolarifonn  variety.     The  imier  border  is  dis- 

'  Owen,  Odontography,  pi.  4. 
'  Ibid,  pi.  14.  ■ 


438 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 


tinctly  accented  in  the  middle  and  a  wide  interval  is  defined  between  the  cnsps. 
Compare  fijr.  78  first  tootli,  79  first  tooth,  7S  second  tooth  and  97.  More  distinct 
mammillations  so  arranged  as  to  make  a  tricuspidate  form  are  also  noted.     Compare 


fig.  98  second  tooth  and  93  second  tooth. 


b 


c 


i 


m 


1 


^ 


m 


Fig.  27. — Thirteen  examples  of  lower  premolars :  a.  Xo.  73 :  i,  No.  97 ;  c.  No.  126 ;  d.  No.  430 :  e.  No,  1060 ; 
/,  No.  98 ;  <;,  No.  118 ;  A.  No.  70 :  i.  No.  78 ;  j,  No.  79 ;  it.  No.  80 :  I,  No.  76  ;   m,  No.  93. 

The  commissures  are  feebly  developed  in  all  forms  of  lower  premolars.  Raised 
anterior  and  posterior  borders  such  as  are  met  in  many  forms  (compare  figs.  98, 
126)  are  not  here  alluded  to.  But  in  a  smaller  group  of  teeth  these  borders  are 
worthy  of  receiving  a  distinct  name,  e.  £■.,  fig.  70  second  premolar,  and  fig.  76  first 
premolar. 

The  enumeration  of  the  parts  of  the  crowns  of  the  lower  premolars  as  cusps 
and  commissures  appears  to  receive  confinnation  when  these  teeth  are  compared 
with  those  of  the  lower  mammals,  especially  with  the  genera  of  the  anthropoid  apes 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


439 


and  iiiaiiy  genera  of  Chiroptera.  In  all  the  anthropoid  apes  the  lower  premolars 
exhiljit  two  cusps  an*?!  a  large  heel.  In  pteropine  and  gloosophagine  groups  of  bats  the 
same  peculiarities  are  seen,  with  the  exception  that  the  heel  is  of  enormous  size. 
The  commisisural  elements  as  a  rule  are  marked,  the  post-commissure  being  larger 
than  the  pre-commissure.  The  main  contrast  between  the  premolars  of  anthropoid 
and  those  of  Man  consists  in  the  fact  that  in  the  former  the  non-cuspidate  portion  is 
larger  than  the  cuspidate  and  the  post-commissure  is  pushed  back  far  from  the  cusps, 
while  in  Man  the  non-cuspidate  portion  is  nearly  obliterated,  the  post-commissure 
Vjeing  brouglit  up  close  to  the  cusps. 

It  is  a  fact  C[uite  unexpected  that  the  highest  type  of  premolar — that  is  to  sa}-, 
one  in  which  the  lingual  cusp  and  the  commissures  attain  the  greatest  development — 
is  found  in  the  living  subject  and  almost  uniformly  in  low  health  conditions. 
The  best  examples  are  met  with  in  tuberculosis  and  congenital  syphilis. 

(2).  Cuspidation  of  lower  molars.  The  plan  of  jjroceeding  in  the  study  of 
the  cusps  of  the  lower  molars  is  distinct  from  that  of  the  upper.  The  divisions 
between  the  cusps  of  the  buccal  and  lingual  sides  of  the  crowns,  and  the  commis- 
sui'es  at  the  anterior  and  jjosterior  borders  are  sharply  defined. 

I  have  found  it  convenient- in  taking  notes  to  use  numerals  which  indicates  not 
only  the  numbers,  but  the  position  of  the  cusps.  Thus,  in  the  arrangement  \  it  is 
implied  that  there  are  two  cusps  on  either  side  of  the  tooth  centre.  The  number 
above  the  interspace  represents  the  buccal  cusps  and  that  lielow  the  lingual  cusps. 
The  small  zero  mark  represents  the  position  of  a  commissural  or  annectant  cusp. 

The  number  of  examples  of  each  kind  of  grouping  is  indicated  in  figures  placed 
above  the  fractions.  We  then  have  for  fifty  right  first  lower  molars  the  following : 
9  34  4  3 


The  freciuency  with  which  molars  are  absent  make  it  difficult  to  formulate 
these  cuspidations  for  equal  numbers  of  teeth. 

I  have  instituted  an  inquiry  at  the  Eastern  State  Penitentiary  upon  the  teeth  of 
convicts, — the  arrangement  of  the  cusps  and  commissural  cuspules  being  as  here- 
with given. 

(  Number  of  teeth  9  34  4  3. 


First  lower  molar 


•50  Right    ,    t;,  ^       e  •  1  J.-        ■>    * 

'^        (   I'ormula  ot  cuspidation    ;    5 


51  Left 


( 


2      2°     2o  2° 
20. 


6  34  8  3. 


2      2° 
2      2 


o     2°* 


Second  lower  molar 


59  Right 


53  Left 


35  5  14  5. 


2      2°      2o    2° 
2      2        2       2°' 


( 32  9  8  4. 

■\  2     2°  2o  2° 

I 2     2     2    2°' 


Third  loAver  molar 


30  Right  ^ 


32  Left 

55  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  X. 


f 13  6  6  5. 

2      2°  2o  2° 
2      2     2     2°' 


13  5  6  8. 

2      2°   2o   2° 
2      2     2     2®' 


440  CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS    OF    FLORIDA. 

It  is  seen  from  this  table  that  in  the  lower  molars  the  presence  of  four  cusps 
characterizes  the  majority  of  teeth  in  the  second  tooth  only.  In  the  first  molar  the 
presence  of  a  commissural  cuspule  toward  the  (niter  side  (making  three  cusps  on  the 
outer  side  for  two  on  the  inner)  is  seen  in  over  one-half  The  number  is  practically 
the  same  on  the  two  sides.  The  normal  arrangement  for  the  first  molar  charac- 
terizes less  than  one-sixth  of  the  whole ;  while  in  the  third  molar  the  order  is  again 
dift'erent. 

(3).  The  cuspidation  of  the  iipper  molars.  The  cuspidation  of  the  second 
upper  molar  may  be  taken  as  the  most  important  variable  for  the  reason  tliat  the 
fii'st  molar  is  never  possessed  of  less  than  four  cusps  or  more  than  five,  and  the  third 
molar  is  so  irregular  that  its  characteristics  are  not  likely  to  yield  facts  of 
imjiortance. 

The  second  molar  is  usually  made  up  of  four  cusps,  l)ut  it  may  have  three 
cusps  with  a  rudimental  fourth,  or  have  three  cusps  only.  Observations  on  fifty 
inmates  of  the  Penitentiary  resulted  in  the  following  : — Four  cusps,  30  ;  three  cusps 
and  rudimental  fourth,  7 ;  three  cusps,  13. 

In  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  one 
hundred  skulls  were  examined  (all  modern  Europeans  being  excluded)  with  the 
following  result : — Four  cusps,  2G ;  three  cusps  and  rudiments  of  a  fourth,  29  ; 
three  cusps,  45.  It  is  thus  seen  that  the  rates  of  cuspidation  differ  in  the  series  from 
criminal  subjects  and  those  from  specimens  found  in  a  miscellaneous  collection 
composed  for  the  most  part  of  uncivilized  peoples. 

Only  one  example  of  a  second  molar  exhibited  five  cusps  of  which  the  supple- 
mental cusp  was  in  the  form  of  a  cingule  to  the  paracone.  The  first  molar  in  two 
instances  only  possessed  less  than  four  cusps,  while  in  four  instances  it  possessed  the 
supplemental  palatal  cusps,  thus  making  the  entire  number  five. 

The  third  molar  is  so  A^ariable  that  it  cannot  well  be'  classified.  In  onl_>-  three 
instances  did  it  possess  four  cusps ;  in  eight  instances  only  did  it  retain  three  cusps, 
while  in  the  remaining  ten  instances  it  was  irregular ;  by  which  term  is  meant  a 
departure  from  a  pohcuspidate  form  and  exhibiting  various  ci'enulations  and  depres- 
sions which  do  not  admit  of  arrangement.  Some  of  these  closely  resemble  the  plan 
of  a  premolar;  others  are  depressed  in  the  centre  and  bordered  by  a  folded  hem, 
this  I  have  called  in  my  notes  the  crater-like  tooth  ;  some  of  the  teeth  have  three 
mammillations  arranged  in  order  from  without  inward. 

The  third  molar  infrequently  retains  the  cuspidation  of  the  first  and  second. 
The  protocone  and  paracone  can  be  named  as  a  rule ;  the  cingule,  from  which  the 
metacone  and  hypocone,  arise  often  complete  the  tooth.  As  already  shown  occasion- 
ally the  metacojie  will  be  developed  at  the  expense  of  the  hypocone ;  sometimes 
the  contrary  takes  place,  but  in  either  event  the  division  of  the  crown  by  the  size 
of  the  several  parts  rather  than  by  homology  results  in  the  protocone  and  paracone 
forming  almost  the  entire  crown. 

(4).  The  order  of  succession  of  cusps.  In  1875^  I  announced  that  a  true 
development  occurs  fi-om  the  canine  and  incisor  series  toward  the  molar  by  means 

'  Dental  Cosmos. 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA. 


441 


Fig.  27,  '(.  lateral  maxil- 
lary incisor;  b.c.  su- 
I>ernumfrary  teeth, 
probably  ma.tillary 
incisors  exhibiting 
the  beginning  of  an 
additional  cusp  at 
the  base  of  the  pala- 
tal aspect  of  the 
crown. 


;V'  /'\'^^^ 


of  which  tlR-  ciiiguk-  oi'  the  canine  becomes  the  cu.sp  (z.  e.  the  pahital  cu."*}))  of  the 

premolar ;  that  should  a  new  cingule  be  developed  from  the  premolar  it  becomes  in 

the  molar  the  third  cusp ;  and  that  should  the  molar  possess 

f'~  \^  r^  more  than  four  tubercles,  three  of  these  Avill  be  cusps,  the 
Pf  \m  remainder  will  be  cingules.  The  simplest  e.xpi-ession  of  a  cone 
If  \m  '^^  exhibited  in  the  incisors  and  canines,  which  may  be  said  to  be 
U      or  the  lowest  of  the  series,  and  that  the  highest  expression  any- 

c      I        a  where  seen  is  in  the  lower  teeth. 

In  figure  27  the  beginning  of  the 
bicuspidate  form  of  tooth  is  seen  in  the 
manner  by  which  the  cingules  are  seen 
to  vary. 

In  figure  28  the  basal  cingules  while 
not  so  concrete   are  yet  sufficiently  well- 
developed  to  retain  distinctive  names  and  are  of  the  nature 

of  unusual  variations  in  form  in  transition  between  the  incisorial  and  the  canini- 
form  shapes  of  monocuspidate  teeth  and  those  of  the  Vjicuspidate  type.  The  canine 
tooth  exhibits  on  either  side  of  the  centre  of  the  tooth  a  narrow  depression  or  valley. 
The  folds  of  enamel  at  the  side  of  the  depressions  just  named  are  of  importance 
in  describing  the  variations  of  the  bicuspids.  In  this  paper  these  folds  will  receive 
the  name  of  commissures.  Figure  29  shows,  in  a  conspicuous  way,  the  distinctness 
of  these  folds. 


Fig.  28. — Two  maxilliary  in- 
cisors and  one  canine  ex- 
liibiting  well-developed 
cingules. 


Fig.  2!). — The  iireniolars  and  molars  of  the 
lowerjaw  (l,b27  Morton  Collection.)  The 
first  premolar,  fig.  29,  retains  depression 
on  either  side  of  the  basal  con-vexity. 


Fig.  30. — The  folds  of  the  upper  premolar  are 
shown.  The  first  tooth  is  actually  larger 
than  the  second  and  exhibits  a  large  fold  on 
the  posterior  surface  of  the  crown,  back  of 
the  posterior  enamel  fold. 


Ill  the  molar  series  the  succession  of  cusps  from  the  monocuspidate  to  the  poly- 
cu.spidate  is  clearly  shown.  It  is  necessary  here  to  distinguish  between  the  forms 
of  the  upper  and  lower  molars.     The  lower  molars  resemble  the  lower  premolars  in 


Fig.  31. — The  lower  teeth  showing  the 
simple  form  of  the  second  molar  as 
compared  with  the  first  and  third. 


Fig.  32.— The  first  and 
second  upjier  molars. 


Fig.  33.— The  third  upper 
molar  showing  ellipti- 
cal form  of  crown. 


the  disposition  for  the  folds  of  enamel  on  the  anterior  and  posterior  parts  of  the 
tooth  to  thicken.  The  second  molar  shows  this  tendency  to  a  less  degree  than 
either  the  first  or  the  third,  and  the  posterior  fold  to  a  greater  degree  than  the 
anterior.  The  posterior  fold  is  apt  to  bear  a  distinct  cusp  developed  in  the  middle 
of  the  posterior  commissure. 


442 


CRANIA    FROM    THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 


In  the  upper  jaw  the  cusps  are  not  so  symmetrically  arranged  as  in  the  lower, 
nor  are  the  commissures  so  conspicuous. 

In  figure  32  the  parts  are  typically  disposed.  The  tiftli  cusp  in  the  second 
molar  is  not  an  outgrowth  of  a  commissure  as  in  the  lower  jaw,  but  is  a  basal 
cingule  of  the  hypocone.  The  a.xis  of  the  upper  molar  is  disposed  to  be  oblique. 
The  contact  of  the  protocone  and  the  niesocone  forms  an  oblifpie  line  which  has  long 
been  noted.  The  greater  length  of  the  crown  surface  in  the  direction  of  the  paracone 
and  the  hypocone  has  escaped  notice.     It  is  marked  in  both  of  the  te^>th  in  figure  32. 

The  obliquity  in  the  tooth  shown  in  figure  33  is  marked. 


Fig.  :34. — Seven  examples  of  variatious  of  the  upjier  umlars. 

1.  (No.  140).  The  elements  of  the  hypocone  are  duplicated  and  appear  as  part 
of  an  enamel  fold  (which  is  not  commissural)  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the.  crown. 
A  similar  arr.angement  is  seen  in  figure  30,  upper  premolar. — 2.  (No.  828).  Two 
elements  of  the  value  of  cingules  are  here  present.  The  first  of  these  is  the  hypo- 
cone ;  the  second  lies  directly  to  the  palatal  aspect  of  the  protocone. — 3.  (No.  1,488). 
In  the  second  molar  the  cingules  are  three  in  number  and  clasp  the  posterior  and 
palatal  aspects  of  the  crown,  throwing  in  the  paracone  from  the  periphery. — 4. 
(No.  828).  The  second  molar  exhibits  two  cingules,  one  the  hypocone  in  its  usual 
position,  the  other  placed  directly  back  of  the  paracone. — 5.  (No.  29).  The  first 
molar  showing  an  exceptional  prominence  of  the  enamel  fold  on  the  buccal  aspect. 
— 6.  (No.  1,467).  The  presence  of  the  enamel  folds  on  either  side  of  the  protocone 
and  paracone  is  evident.  In  the  valleys  thus  formed  are  seen  two  well-defined 
eminences  which  do  not  receive  names. — 7.  (No.  760).  A  conspicuous  nodule, 
apparently  anomalous,  is  seen  on  the  buccal  aspect  of  the  first  molar. — The  anterior 


Fig.  3o.-The  third  upper  molar  exhibit- 
ing a  disposition  of  the  parts  to 
assume  a  tricuspidate  form. 


Fig.  36.-The  parts  uot  obliquely  dis- 
posed and  as  a  result  the  proto- 
cone and  mesocoue  scarcely 
touch  and  do  not  form  an  ob- 
lique ridge. 


Fig.  37.— The  third  lower  molar.  The 
cusps  are  broken  up  into  small 
folds.  Each  cusp  represent  three 
such  folds  and  the  entire  tooth 
is  much  higher  on  the  borders 
of  the  grinding  surface  than  in 
the  centre. 


commissure  of  the  deciduous  molars  marked  in  the  lower  jaw  extends  forward  to  a 
degree  greater  than  is  the  case  in  the  upper ;  two  examples  are  illustrated  in  the 
above  series.  The  anterior  commissure  of  the  first  molar  of  No.  4  is  produced  and 
forms  a  cone-like  figure  whose  base  is  directed  backward.  Such  a  configuration  is 
seen  in  the  last  of  the  series  of  premolars  in  some  mammals  with  long  slender 
jaws.  It  denotes  absence  of  pressure  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  tooth  and  a 
resultant  disposition  in  the  tooth  to  advance  in  such  direction. 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  443 

The  crown,  as  shown  in  figure  37,  is  that  of  a  tooth  whose  elements  are 
imperfectly  defined  by  reason  of  the  disposition  of  the  grinding  surfiiee  of  each 
cusp  to  be  split  up  into  folds,  and  the  middle  of  the  tooth  to  lie  everywhere 
below  the  level  of  the  borders.  A  tooth  such  as  this  is  degenerating,  and  is  on  the 
way  to  lose  all  its  cusps  and  become  a  crater-like  figure,  whose  elements  cannot  be 
named  and  the  walls  of  whose  central  depression  are  everywhere  present. 

Description  of  the  teeth  of  the  Moore  Crania^  No.  1.784.  Upper  jaw. 
Alignment  disturlx^l  bv  attrition,  incisor  forced  slighth'  backward,  worn  transversely. 
Lateral  incisor  m  true  alignment,  tlie  right  moi'e  Avorn  than  the  left.  Canine  much 
worn,  the  right  ti'ansversely,  the  left  obliquely  on  buccal  side.  First  premolar  wora 
for  most  part  on  buccal  side.  On  the  right  side  the  second  premolar  has  been  nearly 
lost ;  the  crown  has  been  Avoria  ol)liquely  from  before  backward  through  to  the  pulp  • 
chamber.  The  left  tooth  is  worn  evenly.  The  molars  on  the  right  ai-e  all  in  posi- 
tion. On  the  left  they  are  absent.  The  first  and  second  are  much  worn  on  the 
palatal  side,  the  first  into  the  pulp  chamber,  the  crown  being  tilted  inward.  The 
third  molar  is  worn  evenly.  Lower  jaw.  The  incisor  line  confined  to  the  incisorsj. 
The  molar  line  includes  the  molars,  premolars  and  canine.  Incisors  and  canine 
trausvarsely  worn.  First  premolar  right  transverselj-  worn  ;  on  left  very  ol>liquely 
worn,  buccal.  Second  premolar  e\enly  worn,  more  indeed  than  the  first.  First 
and  second  molars  much  worn,  buccal,  but  not  into  pulp  chamber.  Third  molars 
absent. 

No.  1,781.  Upper  jaw.  The  incisor  line  including  the  first  premolar;  the 
curved  molar  line  including  the  second  premolar.  The  right  incisors  in  different 
alignment  from  the 'left,  probably  from  attrition  or  disease,  those  of  the  right  are 
normal,  but  those  of  the  left  are  thrown  well  forward  and  are  without  alveolar  sui> 
port,  labial.  The  left  lateral  has  been  lost  posthumously,  the  right  is  much  pro- 
truded. All  the  teeth  are  evenly  worn  to  moderate  degree  excepting  the  first 
molar,  which  is  slightly  inclined,  palatal.  The  first  premolar  is  more  woi'n  than  the 
second. — Lower  jaw.  The  incisor  line  includes  the  canine  and  first  premolar. 
The  molar  line  includes  the  second  premolar.  All  the  teeth  are  evenly  Avorn  to  a 
less  degree  than  the  upper,  and  nowhere  into  the  pulp  chamber,  nor  is  the  alignment 
disturbed  by  attrition.  With  the  exception  of  the  first  molar,  which  is  worn 
obliquely,  lingual ;  all  are  transversely  true. 

No.  1,782.  Upper  jaw.  The  incisor  line  confined  to  the  incisors.  The  molar 
line  includes  the  premolars  and  canine.  The  first  molar  is  tilted  palatal  and  the 
buccal  cusps  are  thrown  from  their  sockets  and  have  entered  into  the  "wear."  The 
second  molar  is  evenly  worn  ;  the  third  molar  is  absent. — Lower  jaw.  The  incisor 
line  includes  the  canines,  the  molar  line  includes  the  premolars.  The  first  premolar 
is  more  worn  than  the  second.  The  first  molar  is  much  Avorn,  buccal.  The  second 
molar  less  evenly  Avorn  ;  the  third  molar  Avas  small,  but  has  been  lost  posthumously. 

No.  1,783.  Upper  jaw.  The  incisor  line  includes  the  canine.  The  molar  line 
includes  the  premolars  and  canine  and  is  curved.  The  teeth  had  been  perfect  and 
little  worn,  but  many  of  the  premolars  and  first  and  second  molars  subject  to  pos- 


444 


CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 


tluinious  tiaking  of  the  enamel.  There  is  slight  palatal  wear  on  the  first  molars. 
The  formula  for  the  molars  is  4,  3i,  3. — Lower  jaw.  All  teeth  in  beautiful  align- 
ment and  perfect  with  the  exception  of  posthumous  flaking.  The  molar  line  includes 
the  premolar.  The  teeth  show  moderate  wear  except  the  third  molar.  The  formula 
for  the  molar  series  is  ,  i  !• 

No.  1,789.     The  only  teeth  present  are  the  right  upper  molars..    They  are  little 
worn,  but  much  broken,  save  the  third  molar,  by  posthumous  flaking. 


APPENDIX. 
I. 

The  craniophore  employed  in  these  studies  is  simple  in  character  (fig.  33.). 
It  answers  a  useful  purpose. 

An  iron  stand  with  adjusting  screws,  for  leveling  the  base,  supports  an  iron 
upright,  over  which  a  brass  canula  with  sci'ew  for  fixation  is  carried.     A  U-shaped 


Figure  38. — Allen's  Craniophore. 

bar  with  two  upright  arms  receives  the  skull,  which  is  held  in  place  by  two  brass 
rods,  each  of  which  bears  on  inner  ends  a  conical  piece  of  vulcanite  to  fit  in  the 
external  auditory  meatus. 


CRANIA   FROxM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA.  44o 

The  rods  are  adjustable  and  can  be  fixed  at  any  point  by  screws.  Clamped  to 
the  canula  is  a  movable  bracket  for  supporting  the  base  of  the  skull.  This 
instrument  was  manufiictured  by  Richardson  &  Metzger,  Philadelphia,  and  can  be 
now  procured  of  Ferdinand  Metzger  of  the  same  city. 

A  small  instrument  which  I  have  devised  for  measuring  the  alveolo-basilar 
length,  the  orbito-nasion  length,  the  palatal  length,  choanal  height,  etc.,  is  worth  \ 
of  commendation.  It  is  a  simple  rod  niarked  in  centimeters  and  millimeters  and  a 
sliding  guide  which  is  sufficiently  long  to  serve  as  a  support  to  the  nasion  in  making 
the  orbital  measurements  and  to  the  alveolar  point  in  making  the  alveolo-nasion  and 
the  palatal  length.  After  many  futile  effi)rts  to  induce  instrument  makers  to  under- 
take its  manufacture,  the  little  model  I  liave  used  was  kindly  made  for  me  by  Dr. 
Milton  J.  Greenman  of  the  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy  and  Biolog}-. 

In  taking  nasal,  orbital,  transverse  palatal  measurements,  etc.,  I  have  emplojed 
a  small  instrument  based  on  Flower's  craniometer.     It  has  proved  to  be  invaluable. 


II. 

• 

The  Classification  of  Crania  proposed  by  James  Aitken  Meigs. — I  have  em- 
ployed this  classification,  and  it  is  proper  that  it  should  be  here  copied  in  full,  since 
the  original  paper  ^  has  been  overlooked  by  writers.  Meigs  does  not  state  which  of 
the  names  are  original  with  himself,  though  most  of  them  are  so.  He  knew  that 
Esquimaux  crania  had  been  described  as  "pyramidal"  and  that  the  word  "  prog- 
nathic or  negroid"'  was  in  general  use.  The  novelty  of  the  term  last  quoted  con- 
sisted in  its  application  to  the  North  American  Indian. 

The  cymljecephalic  of  Meigs  is  the  same  as  the  "  kumbo-cephalic"  of  D.  Wilson. 
"  In  the  primitive  or  elongated  dolichokejjhalic  type,  for  which  the  distinctive  title  of 
kumbo-cephalic  is  here  suggested, — the  parietal  diameter  is  remarkably  small,  being 
frequently  exceeded  by  the  vertical  diameters."  ^  The  same  author  describes  a 
skull  ^  which  "  nearly  agrees  with  the  lengthened  oval  form  described  by  Prof 
Nillson  {sic)  as  the  second  race  of  the  Scandina^•ian  tumuli.  They  have  mostly  a 
singularly  narrow  and  elongated  occiput ;  and  with  their  comparatively  low  and 
narrow  forehead,  might  not  inaptly  be  described  by  the  familiar  term  boat^shaped." 
Fig.  7  of  Wilson  is  almost  identical  with  the  crania  named  cymbecephalic  by  Meigs. 
— "  Cymbo-cephalic  "  is  held  by  Rolleston  ^  to  be  equivalent  to  '•  scapho-cephalic,"  ' 
and  to  be  the  same  as  "  birnformig."  "  keulenformig,"  "elongate-oval,"  and  coffin- 
shaped — cuneate  oval — of  various  writers.* 

'  "  Observations  upon  the  Cranial  Forms  of  the  American  Aborigines,  based  upon  specimens 
contained  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia."  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18(>fi, 
232. 

^  Archaeol.  and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland,  18.51,  177. 

'  L.  c.  page  169. 

*  British  Barrows,  615. 

^  The  term  scaphocephalic  is  used  vaguely  by  writers.     It  might  be  discarded  with  advantage. 

•  Ibid,  651. 


446  CRANIA   FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF   FLORIDA. 

Stenocephalic  is  said  to  have  been  used  by  Broca,  but  the  original  reference  I 
have  not  seen.  The  term  is  accepted  by  Aeby.' — J.  C  Pritchard  -  divides  crania 
into  three  jrroups. — the  mesobregmate,  stenobregmate  and  platylnvgniate.  The 
stenobregniate  group  is  sufficiently  near  the  stenocephalic  of  Meigs  to  be  considered 
the  same,  as,  indeed,  the  platybregmate  is  similar  to  the  platycephalic  of  the  same 
writer. 

The  "  eurycephalic  "  of  Meigs  embraces  skulls  Avliich,  while  chiefly  dolicho- 
cejDhfilic,  are  of  a  broad,  oval  form  and  is  doubtless  intended  to  include  the  eury- 
cephales  of  Broca.^  Huxley  *  used  '•  eurycephali  "  to  define  brachycephalic  skulls 
having  a  cephalic  index  VjeloAV  85  'and  at  or  above  80.  To.pinard*  states  that 
'•  eurycephalie "  is  the  same  as  "crane  large."  C.  Aeby^uses  the  term  "eury- 
cephale  zone,"  and  thereby  expresses  the  broadest  zone  of  brachycephalic  crania. 
Rolleston '  states  that  to  "  th^  brachycephalic  British  skull  of  the  bronze-period 
the  application  of  such  epithets  as  'well-filled'  'eurycephalic,'  'sub-cubical'  "  might 
be  applied. — But  Meigs  doe*  not  anywhere  imj^h-  that  his  eurycephali  are  confined 
to  large  skulls. 

Classification  of  Aboriginal  American  Crania  According  to  Their  Ethnic 
Forms. 

(a).     Pyramidal  or  pyraniidocephalic  form. 

General  characters :  Dolichocephalic ;  calvaria  carinated  and  pyramidal ;  face 
lozenge-shaped  and  broadest  below  the  orbits. 

{b).     Oval  or  doidocepkalic  form. 

General  characters.  Chiefiy  dolichocephalic  ;  vertex  and  base  of  skull  more  or 
less  oval  in  outline.  This  oval  generally  regular,  sometimes  rhomboidal  or  angular ; 
sometimes  long  and  narrow,  sometimes  rather  short  and  broad.  Occi25ital  region 
more  or  less  full  and  prominent;  occasionally  very  much  elongated.  Occipital 
protuberance  sometimes  knob-like ;  sometimes  acuminated.  Posterior  portion  of 
the  ossa  parietalia  shelving  downward  and  backward  like  an  inclined  plane  and 
p<jrtion  of  the  plane  sometimes  formed  by  the  upper  half  of  the  occipital  bone. 
B'orehead  moderately  well  developed  in  breadth  and  height. 

Subdivisions.  I.  Cymbecephalic,  or  boat-shaped  form,  in  which  the  occiput  is 
exceedingly  protuberant.  II.  Narrow  oval  Form  (Stenocephalic)  III.  Broad  oval 
Form  (Eurycephalic)  IV.  Barrel-shaped  or  cylindrical  Form  (Cylindricephalic) 
V.  Angularly  oblong  Form.     VI.  Ai;tificially  elongated  Form. 

{c).     Arched  or  hypsicephalic  form. 

General  characters.     General  dolichocephalic ;  high  or  vertically  elevated  skulls. 

'  Die  Schadelforinen  ties  Menschen  uud  Afleii.     Leipzig,  1867,  50. 

*  Researches  into  the  Physical  History  of  Mankind,  2nd  Ed.     London,  1826,  173 
'  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  d'  Anthropol.     1861,  645. 

*  Prehistoric  Remains  of  Caithness.     Lend,  and  Edin.     1866,  85. 
'"  L'Anthropologie.     Paris,  1876,  192. 

«  L.  c.  53. 

'  British  Barrows.     Oxford,  1877,  645. 


CRANIA    FROM   THE    MOUNDS   OF    FLORIDA.  447 

Forehead  liigli,  vertex  or  coronal  region  sometime  curving  from  the  ghibelhi  to  the 
occipital  protuberance  so  as  to  form  a  more  or  less  regular  arch,  as  in  archen- 
cephalie;  or  sometimes  running  up  to  an  elevated  point  at  the  junction  of  the 
coronal  and  sagittal  sutures,  as  in  phoxocephalic.  T.  Archencephalic.  II.  Phoxo- 
cephalic. 

{d).      Wedge- shaped  or  slenocephalic  form.  * 

General  characters.  Chietly  mesocephalic  or  intermediate  in  length  between 
the  dolichocephalic  and  brachycephalic.  Forehead  more  or  less  receding;  crown 
triangular  in  shape,  narrow  at  forehead  and  wide  between  the  parietal  protuberances. 
Bq§k  of  the  head  more  or  less  Hat  and  pressed  in  toward  the  foramen  magnum. 
Constitutes  the  transition  to  the  square-headed  brachycephalic. 

{e).     Flat  or  platycephalic  form  (iiub^o\m\?Lr). 

General  characters.  Chiefly  mesaticephalic  like  the  preceding  group,  with  flat 
vertex  and  rounded  occiput.  Transitionary  to  the  round-headed  or  globular 
brachycephalic.  * 

(f).      Globular  or  sphcericephalic  form. 

General  characters.  Brachycephalic  ;  vertex,  occipital  region  and  base  rounded 
and  globular,  occiput  sometimes  flat. 

{g).     Square,  cuboidal  or  ciibicephalic  form. 

General  characters.     Brachycephalic ;  occiput  vertically  flattened,  or  nearly  so. 

(//).     Progttathic  or  negroid  form. 


III. 

A  careful  study  was  made  of  the  nasal  index  in  415  crania  of  North  American 
Indians  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy. 

On  the  whole  the  platyrhine  group  constituted  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  entire 
number,  while  the  mesorhine  and  lejjtorhine  groups  constituted  a  little  over  three- 
fourths :   platyrhine  U8  ;  mesorhine  170  ;  leptorhine  157 ;  total  425. 

Broca  divides  the  grades  of  nasal  index  as  follows  :  between  53-88  platyrhine  ; 
between  48-52  mesorhine;  between  42-47  leptorhine. — In  our  examination  16 
examples  were  found  where  the  nasal  index  was  higher  than  58  (ranging  as  high, 
indeed,  as  70)  and  an  equal  number  found  lower  than  42  (ranging  as  low  87).  These 
have  been  included  respectively  in  the  groups  of  platyrhine  and  leptorhine.  The 
al)ove  examinations  were  made  before  I  concli^ded  to  measure  the  base  of  the  nose 
from  the  alveolar  line.  The  distance  between  the  top  of  the  incisor  eminence 
(assuming  that  this  may  have  been  taken  as  the  lower  margin  of  the  nasal  aperture), 
and  the  alveolar  line  is  often  notable  to  the  eye.  It  is  evident  that  the  proportions 
above  gi\'en  would  Ije  disturbed  if  the  series  were  subjected  to  re-examination. — 
W.  Matthews, '  gives  the  average  nasal  index  of  forty-four  skulls  from  Salado, 
Arizona,  as  51.66,  though  the  range  embraced  measurements  from  44.23  to  61.11. 

'  Seventh  Mem.  Nat.  Acad,  of  Science,  Vol.  VI,  1893,  196. 


4-lS  CRANIA   FROM   THE   MOUNDS  OF   FLORIDA. 

and  included  examples  extending  from  leptorhinian  to  extreme  platyrhinian.  In 
the  ci'Jinia  from  Cibola,  in  the  same  general  locality  with  the  foregoing,  Matthews ' 
found  the  index  to  be  practically  the  same. 

The  nasal  index  gives  no  indication  of  the  shapes  or  sizes  of  the  nasal  bones, 
nor  of  the  height  of  the  nasal  aperture.  It  is  difficult  to  fonnulate  impressions  on 
these  subject?  sinc<i  the  nasal  bones  are  so  often  found  mutilated  in  museum  crania. 
Still  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  value  of  the  nasal  index  is  impaired  on 
account  of  the  fact  that  the  types  of  the  external  nose  recognized  in  anatomy  are 
not  therein  expressed. 

All  measurements  in  tables  and  elsewhere  are  recorded  in  millimeters.         ^ 
Erratum.     Fig.  7,  p.  413  is  out  of  the  horizontal  plane  and  gives  an  erroneous 
impression  of  the  height  of  the  brain-case. 

1  Seventh  Men.  Nat.  Acad,  of  Science,  Vol.  VI,  1893,  233. 


JOURN,  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  PHI  LAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  XLIX. 


%>, 


F.   V.   ITEHSON.   DEL.  CT  LtTH. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


RiaiN«L  Bum*L.      COIIECTION  C    a.  MOORE 


JOUHNv  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  ZND  SER.  VOL.  X 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DfL.   ET   LITM 


A.LLEN-    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORtGiNAL   BURIAL.      COLLECTION  C     B.   MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.   SCI.   PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LI. 


v;j."?i;Sy.-yjt''3'^y.>~-'-''""'-^-'"'----^^^a^-'-^'^.--.''^^;Vr-.;>iv::^---' 


F.   V.   ITEflSON,   DEL.  ET  LITH. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.      COLLECTION  C     B.   MOORE. 


JOURW-  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  HI. 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DEL.   ET  LrTH. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BUfltAL.      COLLtCTION  C     8.   MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER,  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LIU. 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DEL.  ET  LITH. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.       COLLECTION  C     B.MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LIV, 


f  .   V.   ITEHSON.   DEL.   ET  LiTH. 


ALLEN-    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.       COLLECTION  C     B.   MOORE. 


JOUFJN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  SND  SER. 


VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LV. 


F.    V.    ITERSON,    DEL.    ET   LITH 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA 


ORIGINAL   BURlAL  mi  I  frTinn   r      u      unnni 


JOURN.  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE   LVl. 


■%^ 


w 


r.   V.   ITERbON.   Ptl.   FT  LITH, 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 

ORIQIHAL  BURIAL.      COllECTlON  C     U.   MOOBE 


JOUBN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LVII. 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DEL.   ET  LITM. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LVIII. 


F.    V.    ITEnSON.    DEL.    ET   LITH 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.       COLLECTION  C.   B.  MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD,   NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LIX. 


F.  V.   1TEHSON.   DEL.  ET  LITH. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


IINAL  eyRtAL.      COLLECTION  C     b     MOORt. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE    LX 


F.   V.   ITERSON,   DEL.   ET  LITH, 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLOniDA. 


rniifr.TxOHC.    B.    MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE    LXI. 


f.   V.   ITERSON,   DEL.   ET  LITH. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA 

ORIQIKAL  BUBIAI.      COLLECTION  C     0.   MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE    LXa. 


^ 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DEL.   ET  LITH. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIQrNAL  BURtAL.       COLLECTION  C     B.   MOORE. 


JOUFiN.  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


f.   V.   ITEHSON.   DEL.   ET  LITH. 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.      COLLECTION  C.   B.   MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL,  X. 


f.   V.   ITEBSON.   DEL.   fci    LITM 


ALLEN      INDIAN    SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


ORIGINAL  BURIAL.       COLLECTION  C     B.   MOORE. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


C- 


PLATE    LXV. 


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IV  ^^"^^r^ 


F.   V.   ITEflSON.   DEL.   ET  LITH. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


JOURN.  ACAD.   NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X 


PLATE   LXVl. 


F.   V.   ITERSON,   DFL.  ET  LITH. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


m 


r.   V.   ITER80H,   DEL.  ET  LtTM. 


ALLEN:    INDIAN   SKULLS  FROM    FLORID:^- 


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JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER  VOL.  X 


F.   V.   ITERSON.   DEL.   ET  LPTH 


ALLEN      INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


ff 


j'oURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.  2ND  SER.  VOL.  X. 


PLATE  LXVIII 


F.  V.  ITER80N,  DEL.  ET  LITH. 


.1  TRM      INDIAN   SKULLS   FROM    FLORIDA. 


^ 


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THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE  STAMPED  BELOW 

Books  not  returned  on  time  are  subject  to  a  fine  of  50c  per  volume  after 
the  third  day  overdue,  increasing  to  $1.00  per  volume  after  the  sixth  day. 
Books  not  in  demand  may  be  renewed  if  application  is  made  before  ex- 
piration of  loan  period. 


■^ 


k 


7, 


